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Session transcript for Codex memory allocator implementation
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codex-memory-allocator-transcript.html
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<h1><a href="index.html" style="color: inherit; text-decoration: none;">Codex transcript</h1>
<div class="message user" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-43-54-868Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">User</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-43-54-868Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:43:54.868Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:43:54.868Z">2026-02-25T12:43:54.868Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="user-content"><p>Implement a bespoke general-purpose memory allocator for <code>ply::Heap</code> in the Plywood codebase.</p>
<p><strong>Location</strong>:
- New Heap implementation should be located in the "Heap" section of <code>src/ply-base.cpp</code>, right before the existing implementation on line 589:</p>
<pre><code class="language-cpp">void* Heap::alloc(uptr numBytes) {
void* ptr = dlmalloc(numBytes);
...
</code></pre>
<ul>
<li>Keep the existing dlmalloc-backed codepath available by adding a new compile-time switch <code>PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR</code> whose default is <code>1</code>.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Design requirements</strong>:
- Algorithm must be reasonably fast and space-conserving while minimizing memory fragmentation.
- Use boundary-tag chunks with immediate coalescing.
- 32 small bins (8-byte size classes) for chunk sizes &lt; 256 bytes.
- 32 tree bins for chunk sizes &gt;= 256 bytes with best-fit search.
- Maintain a designated-victim chunk and a top/wilderness chunk.
- Larger allocations should use the system's virtual memory API directly.
- Thread-safe public API.
- Free virtual memory regions back to the system when no longer needed.</p>
<p><strong>Code structure</strong>:
- Put all implementation details inside an internal class named <code>ply::HeapImpl</code>.
- <code>HeapImpl</code> should be located entirely inside an <code>#if PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR</code> block.
- Organize the implementation into the following sections:
1. Constants
2. Types
3. Chunk headers
- As much as possible, any necessary helper functions should be implemented as member functions of <code>Chunk</code>:
<code>getSize()</code>, <code>getInUse()</code>, <code>getPrevInUse()</code>, <code>memFromChunk()</code>, etc.
4. Global heap state
5. Small bin functions
6. Tree bin functions
7. Virtual memory segment management
8. Large chunk functions that use the system's virtual memory API directly
9. Internal allocation and free functions that wrap all of the above
10. Validation helpers
- Immediately before each function or type, provide a brief comment to summarize what that function or type is for.
- Aside from the Chunk member functions, avoid adding too many small helper functions.
- Prefer to use direct C++ expressions when the meaning of those expressions is clear from the surrounding comments.</p>
<p><strong>Debugging features</strong>:
- Implement a new function <code>Heap::validate()</code> that scans all allocator state and checks invariants, but only when <code>PLY_WITH_ASSERTS</code> is enabled.
- Ensure no adjacent free chunks,
- Verify that bin and tree membership matches chunk sizes,
- Verify tree and link integrity.
- Verify that top and designated-victim are not in bins.
- Verify that recomputed totals match <code>getStats()</code> counters.
- Put the entire function body in an <code>#if PLY_WITH_ASSERTS</code> block and use <code>PLY_ASSERT</code> for all consistency checks.</p>
<p><strong>Testing</strong>:
- Build and run the <code>base-tests</code> sample app using both the old <code>Heap</code> and the new one.
- Add a few new allocator-focused tests: alignment, realloc grow/shrink, coalescing, stress, multithread smoke, validate
- Build and run the <code>fragmentation-test</code> sample app using both the old <code>Heap</code> and the new one.
- Provide a summary of any differences in the counters you see.</p>
<p><strong>Documentation</strong>:
- Generate a new documentation file <code>docs/base/heap-design.md</code> describing the new heap's implementation details.
- <code>heap-design.md</code> should be a child page of <code>docs/base/memory.md</code> in the table of contents.
- Organize it into the following sections:
- <strong>Internal Heap State</strong>: Present the definition of the global heap state, then describe the data structures used by each of its properties:
- Linked list of virtual memory segments allocated from the underlying OS
- Table of small bins
- Table of tree bins
- Linked list of direct-mapped chunks
- Internal counters
- <strong>Virtual Memory Segments</strong>:
Explain how each virtual memory segment is divided into chunks.
Present the chunk header type definition.
Explain how allocated/free chunks are linked sequentially in memory and how free chunks are coalesced.
- <strong>How Allocation Works</strong>:
Give pseudocode &amp; walk though the algorithm that allocates a single memory chunk.
Describe each of the small bin, tree bin and direct-mapped codepaths explicitly and summarize how they change each data structure.
- Add any additional information that would help a junior programmer understand the code more easily.
- Modify the <code>Heap</code> section of <code>docs/base/memory.md</code> to mention:
- The new <code>PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR</code> compile-time switch.
- The new debugging functions that were added.
- Link to the implementation details in <code>heap-design.md</code>.</p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-43-59-289Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-43-59-289Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:43:59.289Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:43:59.289Z">2026-02-25T12:43:59.289Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Acknowledging huge allocator task</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-43-59-289Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-43-59-289Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:43:59.289Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:43:59.289Z">2026-02-25T12:43:59.289Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Acknowledging huge allocator task</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-00-250Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-00-250Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:00.250Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:00.250Z">2026-02-25T12:44:00.250Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="assistant-text"><p>Implementing this requires touching allocator code, tests, and docs, plus running both allocator configurations. I’m starting by inspecting <code>src/ply-base.h/.cpp</code>, existing heap stats/validation hooks, and current test layout so I can patch in <code>PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR</code> with minimal API churn.</p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-02-311Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-02-311Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:02.311Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:02.311Z">2026-02-25T12:44:02.311Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_JbGP4izSyMXOZYYGwKDXWRvL"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;rg -n \&#34;PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR|class Heap|struct HeapStats|Heap::alloc|Heap::realloc|Heap::free|validate\\(|dlmalloc|Heap\&#34; src/ply-base.h src/ply-base.cpp apps/base-tests -S&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-02-312Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-02-312Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:02.312Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:02.312Z">2026-02-25T12:44:02.312Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_VL6KG3MVdBAyA5LZzTM1ZwnU"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;ls -la docs/base &amp;&amp; rg -n \&#34;memory.md|contents.json|heap\&#34; docs -S&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-02-420Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-02-420Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:02.420Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:02.420Z">2026-02-25T12:44:02.420Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: cd07be
Wall time: 0.0504 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 1799
Output:
src/ply-base.cpp:38:void* dlmalloc(ply::uptr);
src/ply-base.cpp:356: Heap::destroy(entry);
src/ply-base.cpp:365: Heap::destroy(entry);
src/ply-base.cpp:583:Functor&lt;void()&gt; Heap::outOfMemoryHandler;
src/ply-base.cpp:585:void Heap::setOutOfMemoryHandler(Functor&lt;void()&gt; handler) {
src/ply-base.cpp:589:void* Heap::alloc(uptr numBytes) {
src/ply-base.cpp:590: void* ptr = dlmalloc(numBytes);
src/ply-base.cpp:597:void* Heap::realloc(void* ptr, uptr numBytes) {
src/ply-base.cpp:605:void Heap::free(void* ptr) {
src/ply-base.cpp:609:void* Heap::allocAligned(uptr numBytes, u32 alignment) {
src/ply-base.cpp:617:Heap::Stats Heap::getStats() {
src/ply-base.cpp:618: Heap::Stats stats;
src/ply-base.cpp:619: static_assert(sizeof(DLMallocStats) == sizeof(Heap::Stats), &quot;DLMallocStats layout mismatch&quot;);
src/ply-base.cpp:620: static_assert(alignof(DLMallocStats) == alignof(Heap::Stats), &quot;DLMallocStats alignment mismatch&quot;);
src/ply-base.cpp:638: return ply::Heap::alloc(size);
src/ply-base.cpp:642: return ply::Heap::alloc(size);
src/ply-base.cpp:646: ply::Heap::free(ptr);
src/ply-base.cpp:650: ply::Heap::free(ptr);
src/ply-base.cpp:654: return ply::Heap::alloc(size);
src/ply-base.cpp:658: return ply::Heap::alloc(size);
src/ply-base.cpp:662: ply::Heap::free(ptr);
src/ply-base.cpp:666: ply::Heap::free(ptr);
src/ply-base.cpp:1135:String::String(StringView other) : bytes_{(char*) Heap::alloc(other.numBytes())}, numBytes_{other.numBytes()} {
src/ply-base.cpp:1141: result.bytes_ = (char*) Heap::alloc(numBytes);
src/ply-base.cpp:1147: this-&gt;bytes_ = (char*) Heap::realloc(this-&gt;bytes_, numBytes);
src/ply-base.cpp:1473: this-&gt;pipe.buffer = (char*) Heap::alloc(BUFFER_SIZE);
src/ply-base.cpp:1508: Heap::destroy(this-&gt;pipe.pipe);
src/ply-base.cpp:1510: Heap::free(this-&gt;pipe.buffer);
src/ply-base.cpp:1513: Heap::free(buf);
src/ply-base.cpp:1516: Heap::free(this-&gt;mem.tempBuffer);
src/ply-base.cpp:1532: this-&gt;mem.buffers.append((char*) Heap::alloc(BUFFER_SIZE));
src/ply-base.cpp:1617: this-&gt;mem.tempBuffer = (char*) Heap::alloc(MAX_CONSECUTIVE_BYTES);
src/ply-base.cpp:1667: this-&gt;mem.buffers.append((char*) Heap::alloc(BUFFER_SIZE));
src/ply-base.cpp:1674: this-&gt;mem.tempBuffer = (char*) Heap::alloc(MAX_CONSECUTIVE_BYTES);
src/ply-base.cpp:1827: char* buf = (char*) Heap::alloc(BUFFER_SIZE);
src/ply-base.cpp:1846: char* bytes = (char*) Heap::realloc(this-&gt;mem.buffers[0], numBytes);
src/ply-base.cpp:1853: char* bytes = (char*) Heap::alloc(numBytes);
src/ply-base.cpp:2576: return {Heap::create&lt;InPipeNewLineFilter&gt;(std::move(in)), true};
src/ply-base.cpp:2589: return {Heap::create&lt;OutPipeNewLineFilter&gt;(std::move(out), writeCrlf), true};
src/ply-base.cpp:2599: return {Heap::create&lt;OutPipeNewLineFilter&gt;(std::move(out), writeCrlf), true};
src/ply-base.cpp:3157: importer = Stream{Heap::create&lt;InPipeConvertUnicode&gt;(std::move(in), enc.unicodeType), true};
src/ply-base.cpp:3161: return Heap::create&lt;InPipeNewLineFilter&gt;(std::move(importer));
src/ply-base.cpp:3183: exporter = Stream{Heap::create&lt;OutPipeConvertUnicode&gt;(std::move(exporter), UTF16_LE), true};
src/ply-base.cpp:3191: exporter = Stream{Heap::create&lt;OutPipeConvertUnicode&gt;(std::move(exporter), UTF16_BE), true};
src/ply-base.cpp:3196: return Heap::create&lt;OutPipeNewLineFilter&gt;(std::move(exporter), enc.newLine == TextFormat::CRLF);
src/ply-base.cpp:3235: Heap::free(units);
src/ply-base.cpp:3256: result.units = (char16_t*) Heap::alloc(numUnits &lt;&lt; 1);
src/ply-base.cpp:4052: return Heap::create&lt;PipeHandle&gt;(handle, Pipe::HAS_READ_PERMISSION | Pipe::CAN_SEEK);
src/ply-base.cpp:4092: return Heap::create&lt;PipeHandle&gt;(handle, Pipe::HAS_WRITE_PERMISSION | Pipe::CAN_SEEK);
src/ply-base.cpp:4366: return Heap::create&lt;Pipe_FD&gt;(fd, Pipe::HAS_READ_PERMISSION | Pipe::CAN_SEEK);
src/ply-base.cpp:4396: return Heap::create&lt;Pipe_FD&gt;(fd, Pipe::HAS_WRITE_PERMISSION | Pipe::CAN_SEEK);
src/ply-base.cpp:4487: FILE_NOTIFY_INFORMATION* notifyInfo = (FILE_NOTIFY_INFORMATION*) Heap::alloc(notifyInfoSize);
src/ply-base.cpp:4525: Heap::free(notifyInfo);
src/ply-base.cpp:4609: FSEventStreamInvalidate(stream);
src/ply-base.h:1426:struct Heap {
src/ply-base.h:1466: auto* functor = Heap::create&lt;Functor&lt;void()&gt;&gt;(std::move(entry));
src/ply-base.h:1474: auto* functor = Heap::create&lt;Functor&lt;void()&gt;&gt;(std::move(entry));
src/ply-base.h:1724: Heap::free(this-&gt;bytes_);
src/ply-base.h:1895: Heap::free(this-&gt;bytes_);
src/ply-base.h:2191: this-&gt;items_ = (Item*) Heap::alloc(uptr(this-&gt;allocated) * sizeof(Item));
src/ply-base.h:2236: Heap::free(this-&gt;items_);
src/ply-base.h:2412: Heap::free(this-&gt;items_);
src/ply-base.h:2489: this-&gt;items_ = (Item*) Heap::realloc(this-&gt;items_, uptr(this-&gt;allocated) * sizeof(Item));
src/ply-base.h:2495: this-&gt;items_ = (Item*) Heap::realloc(this-&gt;items_, uptr(this-&gt;allocated) * sizeof(Item));
src/ply-base.h:2686: : indices{(s32*) Heap::alloc(sizeof(s32) * other.numAllocatedIndices)}, numIndices{other.numIndices},
src/ply-base.h:2697: Heap::free(this-&gt;indices);
src/ply-base.h:2720: s32* newIndices = (s32*) Heap::alloc(sizeof(s32) * numAllocatedIndices);
src/ply-base.h:2738: Heap::free(this-&gt;indices);
src/ply-base.h:3070: Heap::destroy(obj);
src/ply-base.h:3318: this-&gt;thunkArg = (void*) Heap::create&lt;CallableType&gt;(std::forward&lt;Callable&gt;(callable));
src/ply-base.h:3322: dst-&gt;thunkArg = Heap::alloc(sizeof(CallableType));
src/ply-base.h:3327: Heap::destroy&lt;CallableType&gt;((CallableType*) f-&gt;thunkArg);
apps/base-tests/CMakeLists.txt:14:add_source_files(PLYWOOD_SOURCES &quot;${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/../../src&quot; dlmalloc.c ply-base.* ply-btree.h ply-math.*)
apps/base-tests/test-cases.cpp:109:#define TEST_CASE_PREFIX Heap_
apps/base-tests/test-cases.cpp:111:TEST_CASE(&quot;Heap::getStats&quot;) {
apps/base-tests/test-cases.cpp:112: Heap::Stats beginStats = Heap::getStats();
apps/base-tests/test-cases.cpp:114: void* a = Heap::alloc(64);
apps/base-tests/test-cases.cpp:115: void* b = Heap::alloc(4096);
apps/base-tests/test-cases.cpp:119: Heap::Stats duringStats = Heap::getStats();
apps/base-tests/test-cases.cpp:123: Heap::free(a);
apps/base-tests/test-cases.cpp:124: Heap::free(b);
apps/base-tests/test-cases.cpp:126: Heap::Stats endStats = Heap::getStats();
apps/base-tests/test-cases.cpp:131:TEST_CASE(&quot;Heap::setOutOfMemoryHandler&quot;) {
apps/base-tests/test-cases.cpp:133: Heap::setOutOfMemoryHandler([&amp;]() { outOfMemoryHandlerCallCount++; });
apps/base-tests/test-cases.cpp:135: void* ptr = Heap::alloc(getMaxValue&lt;uptr&gt;());
apps/base-tests/test-cases.cpp:139: Heap::setOutOfMemoryHandler({});
apps/base-tests/test-cases.cpp:1001: btree.validate();
apps/base-tests/test-cases.cpp:1011: btree.validate();
apps/base-tests/test-suite.cpp:47: Heap::Stats beginStats = Heap::getStats();
apps/base-tests/test-suite.cpp:49: Heap::Stats endStats = Heap::getStats();
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-02-427Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-02-427Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:02.427Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:02.427Z">2026-02-25T12:44:02.427Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 9e821a
Wall time: 0.0517 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 1649
Output:
total 156
drwxrwxr-x 2 jeff jeff 4096 Feb 25 07:41 .
drwxrwxr-x 4 jeff jeff 4096 Feb 25 07:41 ..
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jeff jeff 1644 Feb 4 21:26 algorithms.md
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jeff jeff 13818 Feb 4 21:26 arrays.md
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jeff jeff 9978 Feb 4 21:26 filesystem.md
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jeff jeff 1094 Feb 4 21:26 functors.md
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jeff jeff 8918 Feb 4 21:26 hash-maps.md
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jeff jeff 842 Feb 4 21:26 index.md
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jeff jeff 5947 Feb 24 20:49 input-output.md
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jeff jeff 834 Feb 4 21:26 integers.md
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jeff jeff 5639 Feb 4 21:26 macros.md
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jeff jeff 8604 Feb 25 07:41 memory.md
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jeff jeff 5209 Feb 4 21:26 numeric-functions.md
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jeff jeff 4555 Feb 4 21:26 ownership.md
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jeff jeff 2483 Feb 4 21:26 processes.md
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jeff jeff 1772 Feb 4 21:26 random.md
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jeff jeff 10502 Feb 4 21:26 strings.md
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jeff jeff 5651 Feb 4 21:26 text.md
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jeff jeff 6674 Feb 4 21:26 threads.md
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jeff jeff 4842 Feb 4 21:26 time-date.md
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jeff jeff 1915 Feb 4 21:26 variants.md
docs/configuration.md:9:`PLY_OVERRIDE_NEW` | Overrides the C++ `new` and `delete` operators to allocate from the [Plywood heap](/docs/base/memory#heap). Default is 1.
docs/base/arrays.md:209:It automatically allocates memory to hold the elements from the heap.When an `Array` object is destroyed, all of its items are destructed and the memory containing them is freed. the ,
docs/base/arrays.md:224:The items are allocated from [the Plywood heap](/docs/base/memory#heap). There are some gotchas to watch out for. The allocattion strategy is simple. It allocates memory by powers of 2 but you can trim it by calling `compact()`.
docs/base/arrays.md:260:Explicitly create an `Array` object from the provided arguments. No memory is allocated and no constructors are called; the returned array simply adopts the provided `items`, which must be allocated from [the Plywood heap](/docs/base/memory#heap). This memory will be freed when the `Array` is destructed.
docs/base/arrays.md:386:No additional heap allocations are performed. All the array items are stored directly in the `FixedArray` object. It&#x27;s equivalent to a C-style array, but with runtime bounds checking.
docs/base/strings.md:3:Plywood strings are general-purpose blocks of memory allocated from [the heap](/docs/base/memory#heap). They&#x27;re often used to [manipulate text](/docs/base/text), but they can store binary data as well. There are three main classes for working with strings:
docs/base/strings.md:219:The `String` class owns a block of memory allocated from the [Plywood heap](/docs/base/memory#heap). The memory is freed when the `String` object is destroyed.
docs/base/strings.md:279:Releases ownership of the internal memory block and returns a pointer to it. The caller is responsible for freeing the memory later using `Heap::free`.
docs/base/strings.md:292:Creates a `String` object that takes ownership of an existing buffer. The buffer must have been allocated from the Plywood heap and will be freed when the `String` is destroyed.
docs/base/memory.md:5:The **heap** sits directly above that, dividing memory into variable-sized blocks that can be dynamically allocated and freed by the application as needed. Higher-level containers for managing memory, like `String`, `Array`, `Map`, `Owned` and `Reference`, are described in later sections.
docs/base/memory.md:7:## `Heap`
docs/base/memory.md:9:Plywood contains its own heap, which lets you allocate and free variable-sized blocks of memory.
docs/base/memory.md:11:{apiSummary class=Heap}
docs/base/memory.md:20:-- Monitoring the heap
docs/base/memory.md:22:static Heap::Stats getStats()
docs/base/memory.md:26:The Plywood heap is separate from the C Standard Library&#x27;s heap. Both heaps can coexist in the same program, but memory allocated from a specific heap must always be freed using the same heap. Plywood&#x27;s heap implementation uses [dlmalloc](https://gee.cs.oswego.edu/dl/html/malloc.html) under the hood.
docs/base/memory.md:28:`Heap` is thread-safe. All member functions can be called concurrently from separate threads.
docs/base/memory.md:32:{apiDescriptions class=Heap}
docs/base/memory.md:35:Allocates a block of memory from the Plywood heap. Equivalent to `malloc`. Always returns 16-byte aligned memory, suitable for SIMD vectors. Returns `nullptr` if allocation fails.
docs/base/memory.md:45:Frees a previously allocated block, returning the memory to the heap.
docs/base/memory.md:55:By default, Plywood will override C++ `new` and `delete` to use the Plywood heap. If you don&#x27;t want this behavior, perhaps because you&#x27;re integrating Plywood into an existing application, define [`PLY_OVERRIDE_NEW=0`](/docs/configuration).
docs/base/memory.md:57:You can create and destroy C++ objects in the Plywood heap directly using `Heap::create` and `Heap::destroy`, which essentially work like `new` and `delete`:
docs/base/memory.md:59:{apiDescriptions class=Heap}
docs/base/memory.md:62:Allocates heap memory for an object of type `Type` and calls the constructor. The provided arguments are passed to the constructor using [perfect forwarding](https://isocpp.org/blog/2012/11/universal-references-in-c11-scott-meyers).
docs/base/memory.md:67:Invokes the destructor of an object and frees its memory back to the heap.
docs/base/memory.md:72: return Heap::create&lt;Foo&gt;();
docs/base/memory.md:76: Heap::destroy(foo);
docs/base/memory.md:80:### Monitoring the Heap
docs/base/memory.md:82:{apiDescriptions class=Heap}
docs/base/memory.md:90:static Heap::Stats getStats()
docs/base/memory.md:92:Returns statistics about heap usage. `numBytesAllocated` is the sum of the sizes of all allocated blocks. `virtualMemorySize`, a larger number, is the total amount of system memory used to store those blocks, including bookkeeping overhead and unused space.
docs/base/memory.md:95:struct Heap::Stats {
docs/base/memory.md:96: uptr totalBytesConsumed; // Total number of bytes consumed by heap allocations including chunk headers.
docs/base/memory.md:104:Validates the heap&#x27;s internal consistency. Useful for debugging. Will force an immediate crash if the heap is corrupted, which is usually caused by a memory overrun or dangling pointer. Inserting calls to `validate` can help track down the cause of the corruption.
docs/base/ownership.md:5:`Owned` is a smart pointer that takes sole ownership of a heap-allocated object. When the `Owned` is destroyed, the object is automatically destroyed and its memory is freed.
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<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-04-564Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-04-564Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:04.564Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:04.564Z">2026-02-25T12:44:04.564Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Locating heap declarations</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-04-565Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-04-565Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:04.565Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:04.565Z">2026-02-25T12:44:04.565Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Locating heap declarations</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-05-988Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-05-988Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:05.988Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:05.988Z">2026-02-25T12:44:05.988Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="assistant-text"><p>I found the existing <code>Heap</code> API and current dlmalloc wrapper; next I’m reading the exact <code>Heap</code> declarations and surrounding implementation to wire the new allocator without breaking the public interface.</p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-05-989Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-05-989Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:05.989Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:05.989Z">2026-02-25T12:44:05.989Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_vxhQ49GeTPS1nlYOc6VAPXd6"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;sed -n &#39;1360,1535p&#39; src/ply-base.h&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-05-990Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-05-990Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:05.990Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:05.990Z">2026-02-25T12:44:05.990Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_yw14jb9pSI3q4BrgXd9VQH3r"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;sed -n &#39;520,760p&#39; src/ply-base.cpp&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-06-142Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-06-142Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:06.142Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:06.142Z">2026-02-25T12:44:06.142Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: c70e8b
Wall time: 0.0511 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 1644
Output:
static Atomic&lt;uptr&gt; totalReservedBytes;
// The current total amount of memory that was committed using allocRegion or commitPages
static Atomic&lt;uptr&gt; totalCommittedBytes;
// Returned by getProperties()
struct Properties {
uptr regionAlignment = 0; // reserve/allocRegion sizes must be a multiple of this
uptr pageSize = 0; // commitPages sizes must be a multiple of this
};
// Returned by getSystemStats()
struct SystemStats {
#if defined(PLY_WINDOWS)
// System-specific stats reported by GetProcessMemoryInfo
uptr privateUsage = 0;
uptr workingSetSize = 0;
#else
// System-specific stats reported by task_info (Apple platforms) or /proc/self/statm (Linux)
uptr virtualSize = 0;
uptr residentSize = 0;
#endif
};
//----------------------------------------------------
// System information
//----------------------------------------------------
static Properties getProperties();
static SystemStats getSystemStats();
//----------------------------------------------------
// Managing pages
//----------------------------------------------------
// Reserves a region of address space. Memory pages are initially uncommitted. Returns nullptr on failure. numBytes
// must be a multiple of regionAlignment.
static void* reserveRegion(uptr numBytes);
// Unreserves a region of address space. numReservedBytes must match the argument passed to to reserveRegion.
// Caller is responsible for passing the correct numCommittedBytes, otherwise stats will get out of sync.
static void unreserveRegion(void* addr, uptr numReservedBytes, uptr numCommittedBytes);
// Commits a subregion of reserved address space, making it legal to read and write to the subregion.
// addr must be aligned to pageSize and numBytes must be a multiple of pageSize.
static void commitPages(void* addr, uptr numBytes);
// Decommits a subregion of previously committed memory.
// addr must be aligned to pageSize and numBytes must be a multiple of pageSize.
static void decommitPages(void* addr, uptr numBytes);
//----------------------------------------------------
// Allocating large blocks
//----------------------------------------------------
// Reserves and commits a region of address space. Returns nullptr on failure. Free using freeRegion. Don&#x27;t
// decommit any pages in the returned region, otherwise stats will get out of sync. numBytes must be a multiple of
// regionAlignment.
static void* allocRegion(uptr numBytes);
// Decommits and unreserves a region of address space. numBytes must match the argument passed to allocRegion.
static void freeRegion(void* addr, uptr numBytes);
};
// ▄▄ ▄▄
// ██ ██ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄
// ██▀▀██ ██▄▄██ ▄▄▄██ ██ ██
// ██ ██ ▀█▄▄▄ ▀█▄▄██ ██▄▄█▀
// ██
} // namespace ply
namespace ply {
struct Heap {
struct Stats {
uptr totalBytesConsumed = 0;
uptr totalSystemMemoryUsed = 0;
};
static void* alloc(uptr numBytes);
static void* realloc(void* ptr, uptr numBytes);
static void free(void* ptr);
static void* allocAligned(uptr numBytes, u32 alignment);
// Sets a callback that will be invoked whenever a heap allocation fails.
static void setOutOfMemoryHandler(Functor&lt;void()&gt; handler);
// Returns current heap allocation counters and system-memory usage totals.
static Stats getStats();
// Perfect forwarding
template &lt;typename T, typename... Args&gt;
static T* create(Args&amp;&amp;... args) {
T* obj = (T*) alloc(sizeof(T));
new (obj) T{std::forward&lt;Args&gt;(args)...};
return obj;
}
template &lt;typename T&gt;
static void destroy(T* obj) {
if (obj) {
obj-&gt;~T();
free(obj);
}
}
private:
static Functor&lt;void()&gt; outOfMemoryHandler;
};
#if defined(PLY_WINDOWS)
inline void Thread::run(Functor&lt;void()&gt;&amp;&amp; entry) {
PLY_ASSERT(this-&gt;handle == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE);
auto* functor = Heap::create&lt;Functor&lt;void()&gt;&gt;(std::move(entry));
this-&gt;handle = CreateThread(NULL, 0, threadEntry, functor, 0, NULL);
}
#elif defined(PLY_POSIX)
inline void Thread::run(Functor&lt;void()&gt;&amp;&amp; entry) {
PLY_ASSERT(!this-&gt;attached);
auto* functor = Heap::create&lt;Functor&lt;void()&gt;&gt;(std::move(entry));
pthread_create(&amp;this-&gt;handle, NULL, threadEntry, functor);
this-&gt;attached = true;
}
#endif
// ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄
// ██ ▀▀ ▄██▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄ ██ ██ ▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄
// ▀▀▀█▄ ██ ██ ▀▀ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██▄▄██ ██ ██ ██
// ▀█▄▄█▀ ▀█▄▄ ██ ██ ██ ██ ▀█▄▄██ ▀█▀ ██ ▀█▄▄▄ ██▀▀██
// ▄▄▄█▀
class String;
template &lt;typename&gt;
class ArrayView;
template &lt;typename&gt;
class Array;
inline bool isWhitespace(char c) {
return (c == &#x27; &#x27;) || (c == &#x27;\t&#x27;) || (c == &#x27;\r&#x27;) || (c == &#x27;\n&#x27;);
}
inline bool isAsciiLetter(char c) {
return (c &gt;= &#x27;A&#x27; &amp;&amp; c &lt;= &#x27;Z&#x27;) || (c &gt;= &#x27;a&#x27; &amp;&amp; c &lt;= &#x27;z&#x27;);
}
inline bool isDecimalDigit(char c) {
return (c &gt;= &#x27;0&#x27; &amp;&amp; c &lt;= &#x27;9&#x27;);
}
class StringView {
private:
const char* bytes_ = nullptr;
u32 numBytes_ = 0;
public:
//----------------------------------------------------
// Constructors
//----------------------------------------------------
StringView() = default;
StringView(const char* s) : bytes_{s}, numBytes_{numericCast&lt;u32&gt;(::strlen(s))} {
}
StringView(const char* bytes, u32 numBytes) : bytes_{bytes}, numBytes_{numBytes} {
}
StringView(const char* startByte, const char* endByte)
: bytes_{startByte}, numBytes_{numericCast&lt;u32&gt;(endByte - startByte)} {
}
StringView(const char&amp; c) : bytes_{&amp;c}, numBytes_{1} {
}
//----------------------------------------------------
// Accessing string bytes
//----------------------------------------------------
const char* bytes() const {
return this-&gt;bytes_;
}
char* bytes() {
return const_cast&lt;char*&gt;(this-&gt;bytes_);
}
u32 numBytes() const {
return this-&gt;numBytes_;
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-06-142Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-06-142Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:06.142Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:06.142Z">2026-02-25T12:44:06.142Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 976c45
Wall time: 0.0509 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 1955
Output:
if (addr == MAP_FAILED)
return nullptr;
VirtualMemory::totalReservedBytes.fetchAdd(numBytes, Relaxed);
return addr;
}
void VirtualMemory::unreserveRegion(void* addr, uptr numReservedBytes, uptr numCommittedBytes) {
PLY_ASSERT(isAlignedToPowerOf2((uptr) addr, VirtualMemory::getProperties().regionAlignment));
PLY_ASSERT(isAlignedToPowerOf2(numReservedBytes, VirtualMemory::getProperties().regionAlignment));
PLY_ASSERT(isAlignedToPowerOf2(numCommittedBytes, VirtualMemory::getProperties().pageSize));
int rc = munmap(addr, numReservedBytes);
PLY_ASSERT(rc == 0);
PLY_UNUSED(rc);
VirtualMemory::totalReservedBytes.fetchSub(numReservedBytes, Relaxed);
VirtualMemory::totalCommittedBytes.fetchSub(numCommittedBytes, Relaxed);
}
void VirtualMemory::commitPages(void* addr, uptr numBytes) {
PLY_ASSERT(isAlignedToPowerOf2((uptr) addr, VirtualMemory::getProperties().pageSize));
PLY_ASSERT(isAlignedToPowerOf2(numBytes, VirtualMemory::getProperties().pageSize));
int rc = mprotect(addr, numBytes, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE);
PLY_ASSERT(rc == 0);
PLY_UNUSED(rc);
VirtualMemory::totalCommittedBytes.fetchAdd(numBytes, Relaxed);
}
void VirtualMemory::decommitPages(void* addr, uptr numBytes) {
PLY_ASSERT(isAlignedToPowerOf2((uptr) addr, VirtualMemory::getProperties().pageSize));
PLY_ASSERT(isAlignedToPowerOf2(numBytes, VirtualMemory::getProperties().pageSize));
int rc = madvise(addr, numBytes, MADV_DONTNEED);
PLY_ASSERT(rc == 0);
rc = mprotect(addr, numBytes, PROT_NONE);
PLY_ASSERT(rc == 0);
PLY_UNUSED(rc);
VirtualMemory::totalCommittedBytes.fetchSub(numBytes, Relaxed);
}
void* VirtualMemory::allocRegion(uptr numBytes) {
PLY_ASSERT(isAlignedToPowerOf2(numBytes, VirtualMemory::getProperties().regionAlignment));
void* addr = mmap(0, numBytes, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
if (addr == MAP_FAILED)
return nullptr;
VirtualMemory::totalReservedBytes.fetchAdd(numBytes, Relaxed);
VirtualMemory::totalCommittedBytes.fetchAdd(numBytes, Relaxed);
return addr;
}
void VirtualMemory::freeRegion(void* addr, uptr numBytes) {
VirtualMemory::unreserveRegion(addr, numBytes, numBytes);
}
#endif
// ▄▄ ▄▄
// ██ ██ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄
// ██▀▀██ ██▄▄██ ▄▄▄██ ██ ██
// ██ ██ ▀█▄▄▄ ▀█▄▄██ ██▄▄█▀
// ██
Functor&lt;void()&gt; Heap::outOfMemoryHandler;
void Heap::setOutOfMemoryHandler(Functor&lt;void()&gt; handler) {
outOfMemoryHandler = std::move(handler);
}
void* Heap::alloc(uptr numBytes) {
void* ptr = dlmalloc(numBytes);
if (!ptr &amp;&amp; outOfMemoryHandler) {
outOfMemoryHandler();
}
return ptr;
}
void* Heap::realloc(void* ptr, uptr numBytes) {
void* newPtr = dlrealloc(ptr, numBytes);
if (!newPtr &amp;&amp; outOfMemoryHandler) {
outOfMemoryHandler();
}
return newPtr;
}
void Heap::free(void* ptr) {
dlfree(ptr);
}
void* Heap::allocAligned(uptr numBytes, u32 alignment) {
void* ptr = dlmemalign(numBytes, alignment);
if (!ptr &amp;&amp; outOfMemoryHandler) {
outOfMemoryHandler();
}
return ptr;
}
Heap::Stats Heap::getStats() {
Heap::Stats stats;
static_assert(sizeof(DLMallocStats) == sizeof(Heap::Stats), &quot;DLMallocStats layout mismatch&quot;);
static_assert(alignof(DLMallocStats) == alignof(Heap::Stats), &quot;DLMallocStats alignment mismatch&quot;);
dlget_heap_stats((DLMallocStats*) &amp;stats);
return stats;
}
#if !defined(PLY_OVERRIDE_NEW)
#define PLY_OVERRIDE_NEW 1
#endif
#if PLY_OVERRIDE_NEW
} // namespace ply
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Override operators new/delete
// C++ allows us to replace global operators new/delete with our own thanks to weak linking.
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
void* operator new(std::size_t size) {
return ply::Heap::alloc(size);
}
void* operator new[](std::size_t size) {
return ply::Heap::alloc(size);
}
void operator delete(void* ptr) noexcept {
ply::Heap::free(ptr);
}
void operator delete[](void* ptr) noexcept {
ply::Heap::free(ptr);
}
void* operator new(std::size_t size, std::nothrow_t const&amp;) noexcept {
return ply::Heap::alloc(size);
}
void* operator new[](std::size_t size, std::nothrow_t const&amp;) noexcept {
return ply::Heap::alloc(size);
}
void operator delete(void* ptr, std::nothrow_t const&amp;) noexcept {
ply::Heap::free(ptr);
}
void operator delete[](void* ptr, std::nothrow_t const&amp;) noexcept {
ply::Heap::free(ptr);
}
namespace ply {
#endif // PLY_OVERRIDE_NEW
// ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄
// ██ ▀▀ ▄██▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄ ██ ██ ▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄
// ▀▀▀█▄ ██ ██ ▀▀ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██▄▄██ ██ ██ ██
// ▀█▄▄█▀ ▀█▄▄ ██ ██ ██ ██ ▀█▄▄██ ▀█▀ ██ ▀█▄▄▄ ██▀▀██
// ▄▄▄█▀
bool StringView::startsWith(StringView other) const {
if (other.numBytes_ &gt; this-&gt;numBytes_)
return false;
return memcmp(this-&gt;bytes_, other.bytes_, other.numBytes_) == 0;
}
bool StringView::endsWith(StringView other) const {
if (other.numBytes_ &gt; this-&gt;numBytes_)
return false;
return memcmp(this-&gt;bytes_ + this-&gt;numBytes_ - other.numBytes_, other.bytes_, other.numBytes_) == 0;
}
StringView StringView::trim(bool (*matchFunc)(char), bool left, bool right) const {
const char* start = this-&gt;bytes_;
const char* end = start + this-&gt;numBytes_;
if (left) {
while ((start &lt; end) &amp;&amp; matchFunc(*start)) {
start++;
}
}
if (right) {
while ((start &lt; end) &amp;&amp; matchFunc(end[-1])) {
end--;
}
}
return {start, end};
}
Array&lt;StringView&gt; StringView::split(StringView separator) const {
Array&lt;StringView&gt; result;
u32 start = 0;
while (start &lt; this-&gt;numBytes_) {
s32 pos = this-&gt;find(separator, start);
if (pos &lt; 0) {
// No more separators found, add the rest
StringView remainder = this-&gt;substr(start);
if (remainder.numBytes_ &gt; 0) {
result.append(remainder);
}
break;
}
// Add the part before the separator (if non-empty)
if ((u32) pos &gt; start) {
result.append(this-&gt;substr(start, pos - start));
}
start = pos + separator.numBytes_;
}
if (result.isEmpty()) {
result.append({});
}
return result;
}
String StringView::replace(StringView oldSubstr, StringView newSubstr) const {
PLY_ASSERT(oldSubstr.numBytes_ &gt; 0);
MemStream out;
u32 limit = this-&gt;numBytes_ - oldSubstr.numBytes_;
u32 i = 0;
for (; i &lt; limit; i++) {
if (memcmp(this-&gt;bytes_ + i, oldSubstr.bytes_, oldSubstr.numBytes_) == 0) {
out.write(newSubstr);
i += oldSubstr.numBytes_ - 1;
} else {
out.write(this-&gt;bytes_[i]);
}
}
if (i &lt; this-&gt;numBytes_) {
out.write({this-&gt;bytes_ + i, this-&gt;bytes_ + this-&gt;numBytes_});
}
return out.moveToString();
}
String StringView::upper() const {
String result = String::allocate(this-&gt;numBytes_);
for (u32 i = 0; i &lt; this-&gt;numBytes_; i++) {
char c = this-&gt;bytes_[i];
if (c &gt;= &#x27;a&#x27; &amp;&amp; c &lt;= &#x27;z&#x27;) {
c += &#x27;A&#x27; - &#x27;a&#x27;;
}
result[i] = c;
}
return result;
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-09-601Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-09-601Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:09.601Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:09.601Z">2026-02-25T12:44:09.601Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Reviewing dlmalloc integration</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-09-601Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-09-601Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:09.601Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:09.601Z">2026-02-25T12:44:09.601Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Reviewing dlmalloc integration</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-09-602Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-09-602Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:09.602Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:09.602Z">2026-02-25T12:44:09.602Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_VjSfpaCi4oJofMoaCjavTIAk"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;sed -n &#39;1,170p&#39; src/ply-base.cpp&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-09-690Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-09-690Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:09.690Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:09.690Z">2026-02-25T12:44:09.690Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: ef4226
Wall time: 0.0509 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 1426
Output:
/*========================================================
____
╱ ╱╲ Plywood C++ Base Library
╱___╱╭╮╲ https://plywood.dev/
└──┴┴┴┘
========================================================*/
#include &quot;ply-base.h&quot;
#if defined(PLY_WINDOWS)
#include &lt;shellapi.h&gt;
#include &lt;Psapi.h&gt;
#elif defined(PLY_POSIX)
#include &lt;string&gt;
#include &lt;fstream&gt;
#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
#include &lt;sys/mman.h&gt;
#include &lt;sys/stat.h&gt;
#include &lt;sys/types.h&gt;
#include &lt;dirent.h&gt;
#include &lt;fcntl.h&gt;
#include &lt;math.h&gt;
#if defined(PLY_APPLE)
#include &lt;fcntl.h&gt;
#include &lt;dirent.h&gt;
#include &lt;sys/mman.h&gt;
#include &lt;sys/stat.h&gt;
#include &lt;mach-o/dyld.h&gt;
#include &lt;mach/mach.h&gt;
#include &lt;mach/task.h&gt;
#if PLY_WITH_DIRECTORY_WATCHER
#include &lt;CoreServices/CoreServices.h&gt;
#endif
#endif
#endif
extern &quot;C&quot; {
void* dlmalloc(ply::uptr);
void* dlrealloc(void*, ply::uptr);
void dlfree(void*);
void* dlmemalign(ply::uptr, ply::uptr);
struct DLMallocStats {
ply::uptr totalBytesConsumed;
ply::uptr totalSystemMemoryUsed;
};
void dlget_heap_stats(DLMallocStats* stats);
}
namespace ply {
// ▄▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄
// ██ ▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ██ ▀▀ ██ ██ ▄▄▄▄ ▄██▄▄ ▄▄▄▄
// ██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██▄▄██ ▄█▀█▄▀▀ ██ ██ ▄▄▄██ ██ ██▄▄██
// ██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ▀█▄▄▄ ▀█▄▄▀█▄ ██▄▄█▀ ▀█▄▄██ ▀█▄▄ ▀█▄▄▄
//
#if defined(PLY_WINDOWS)
float getCpuTicksPerSecond() {
static LARGE_INTEGER frequency;
BOOL rc = QueryPerformanceFrequency(&amp;frequency);
PLY_ASSERT(rc);
PLY_UNUSED(rc);
return (float) frequency.QuadPart;
}
s64 getUnixTimestamp() {
FILETIME fileTime;
ULARGE_INTEGER largeInteger;
GetSystemTimeAsFileTime(&amp;fileTime);
largeInteger.LowPart = fileTime.dwLowDateTime;
largeInteger.HighPart = fileTime.dwHighDateTime;
return s64(largeInteger.QuadPart / 10) - 11644473600000000ll;
}
#elif defined(PLY_POSIX)
#if PLY_USE_POSIX_2008_CLOCK
#include &lt;time.h&gt;
#else
#include &lt;sys/time.h&gt;
#endif
s64 getUnixTimestamp() {
#if PLY_USE_POSIX_2008_CLOCK
struct timespec tick;
clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &amp;tick);
return (s64) tick.tv_sec * 1000000 + tick.tv_nsec / 1000;
#else
struct timeval tick;
gettimeofday(&amp;tick, NULL);
return (s64) tick.tv_sec * 1000000 + tick.tv_usec;
#endif
}
#endif
// Based on http://howardhinnant.github.io/dateAlgorithms.html
static void setDateFromEpochDays(DateTime* dateTime, s32 days) {
// Calculate weekday from Unix epoch days (Jan 1, 1970 was Thursday = 4)
dateTime-&gt;weekday = (u8) (days &gt;= -4 ? (days + 4) % 7 : (days + 5) % 7 + 6);
// Convert from Unix epoch to civil epoch for date calculation
days += 719468;
s32 era = (days &gt;= 0 ? days : days - 146096) / 146097;
u32 doe = u32(days - era * 146097); // [0, 146096]
u32 yoe = (doe - doe / 1460 + doe / 36524 - doe / 146096) / 365; // [0, 399]
s32 y = s32(yoe) + era * 400;
u32 doy = doe - (365 * yoe + yoe / 4 - yoe / 100); // [0, 365]
u32 mp = (5 * doy + 2) / 153; // [0, 11]
u32 d = doy - (153 * mp + 2) / 5 + 1; // [1, 31]
u32 m = mp + (mp &lt; 10 ? 3 : -9); // [1, 12]
dateTime-&gt;year = y + (m &lt;= 2);
dateTime-&gt;month = (u8) m;
dateTime-&gt;day = (u8) d;
}
// Based on http://howardhinnant.github.io/dateAlgorithms.html
static s32 getEpochDaysFromDate(const DateTime&amp; dateTime) {
s32 m = dateTime.month;
s32 y = dateTime.year - (m &lt;= 2);
s32 era = (y &gt;= 0 ? y : y - 399) / 400;
u32 yoe = u32(y - era * 400); // [0, 399]
u32 doy = (153 * (m &gt; 2 ? m - 3 : m + 9) + 2) / 5 + dateTime.day - 1; // [0, 365]
u32 doe = yoe * 365 + yoe / 4 - yoe / 100 + doy; // [0, 146096]
return era * 146097 + doe - 719468;
}
static s64 floorDiv(s64 dividend, s64 divisor) {
return (dividend &gt; 0 ? dividend : dividend - divisor + 1) / divisor;
};
DateTime convertToDateTime(s64 timestamp, s16 timeZoneOffsetInMinutes) {
// Adjust timestamp by the time zone offset
timestamp = timestamp + s64(timeZoneOffsetInMinutes) * 60 * 1000000;
const s64 microsecsPerDay = 86400000000ll;
s64 days = floorDiv(timestamp, microsecsPerDay);
s64 microsecsInDay = timestamp - (days * microsecsPerDay);
DateTime dateTime;
setDateFromEpochDays(&amp;dateTime, numericCast&lt;u32&gt;(days));
u32 secs = numericCast&lt;u32&gt;(microsecsInDay / 1000000);
u32 minutes = secs / 60;
u32 hours = minutes / 60;
dateTime.hour = (u8) hours;
dateTime.minute = (u8) (minutes - hours * 60);
dateTime.second = (u8) (secs - minutes * 60);
dateTime.microsecond = (u32) (microsecsInDay - u64(secs) * 1000000);
dateTime.timeZoneOffsetInMinutes = timeZoneOffsetInMinutes;
return dateTime;
}
s16 getLocalTimeZoneOffset() {
#if defined(PLY_WINDOWS)
TIME_ZONE_INFORMATION tzInfo;
DWORD result = GetTimeZoneInformation(&amp;tzInfo);
// Bias is in minutes, and is the offset to add to UTC to get local time
// Windows returns it as UTC = local + bias, so we negate it
s32 bias = tzInfo.Bias;
if (result == TIME_ZONE_ID_DAYLIGHT) {
bias += tzInfo.DaylightBias;
} else if (result == TIME_ZONE_ID_STANDARD) {
bias += tzInfo.StandardBias;
}
return (s16) -bias;
#elif defined(PLY_POSIX)
time_t now = time(nullptr);
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-13-193Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-13-193Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:13.193Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:13.193Z">2026-02-25T12:44:13.193Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Planning allocator macro placement</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-13-193Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-13-193Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:13.193Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:13.193Z">2026-02-25T12:44:13.193Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Planning allocator macro placement</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-13-352Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-13-352Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:13.352Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:13.352Z">2026-02-25T12:44:13.352Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_U2zNRploL1MGNuqMP6xzMDmL"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;rg -n \&#34;#if !defined\\(PLY_.*\\)|PLY_OVERRIDE_NEW|PLY_WITH_ASSERTS|configuration\&#34; src/ply-base.h -S&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-13-442Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-13-442Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:13.442Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:13.442Z">2026-02-25T12:44:13.442Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 411676
Wall time: 0.0512 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 9
Output:
134:#if defined(PLY_WITH_ASSERTS)
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-15-676Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-15-676Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:15.676Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:15.676Z">2026-02-25T12:44:15.676Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Inspecting header macros</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-15-676Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-15-676Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:15.676Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:15.676Z">2026-02-25T12:44:15.676Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Inspecting header macros</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-15-747Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-15-747Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:15.747Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:15.747Z">2026-02-25T12:44:15.747Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_b6UYoWq5LC5xPZaYVmSEMIIG"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;sed -n &#39;1,260p&#39; src/ply-base.h&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-15-837Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-15-837Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:15.837Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:15.837Z">2026-02-25T12:44:15.837Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 5c9e90
Wall time: 0.0512 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 1839
Output:
/*========================================================
____
╱ ╱╲ Plywood C++ Base Library
╱___╱╭╮╲ https://plywood.dev/
└──┴┴┴┘
========================================================*/
#pragma once
#if defined(PLY_CONFIG_HEADER)
#include PLY_CONFIG_HEADER
#endif
#include &lt;type_traits&gt;
#include &lt;utility&gt;
#include &lt;float.h&gt;
#include &lt;initializer_list&gt;
#include &lt;new&gt;
//--------------------------------------------
// Compiler detection
//--------------------------------------------
#if defined(_MSC_VER) // MSVC
#include &lt;intrin.h&gt;
#if defined(_M_X64)
#define PLY_PTR_SIZE 8
#elif defined(_M_IX86)
#define PLY_PTR_SIZE 4
#endif
#define PLY_NO_INLINE __declspec(noinline)
#define PLY_FORCE_INLINE __forceinline
#define PLY_DEBUG_BREAK() __debugbreak()
#define PLY_FORCE_CRASH() __ud2()
#define PLY_COMPILER_BARRIER() _ReadWriteBarrier()
#if _MSC_VER &gt;= 1700
#define PLY_NO_DISCARD _Check_return_
#else
#define PLY_NO_DISCARD
#endif
#elif defined(__GNUC__) // GCC/Clang
#if defined(__APPLE__)
#define PLY_APPLE 1
#define PLY_POSIX 1
#include &lt;TargetConditionals.h&gt;
#if TARGET_IPHONE_SIMULATOR || TARGET_OS_IPHONE
#define PLY_IOS 1
#elif TARGET_OS_MAC
#define PLY_MACOS 1
#endif
#endif
#if defined(__FreeBSD__)
#define PLY_POSIX 1
#endif
#if defined(__linux__)
#define PLY_LINUX 1
#define PLY_POSIX 1
#if defined(__ANDROID__)
#define PLY_ANDROID 1
#endif
#endif
#if defined(__MINGW32__) || defined(__MINGW64__)
#define PLY_MINGW 1
#endif
#if defined(__x86_64__)
#define PLY_PTR_SIZE 8
#elif defined(__i386__)
#define PLY_PTR_SIZE 4
#elif defined(__arm__)
#define PLY_PTR_SIZE 4
#elif defined(__arm64__) || defined(__aarch64__)
#define PLY_PTR_SIZE 8
#endif
#define PLY_NO_INLINE __attribute__((noinline))
#define PLY_FORCE_INLINE inline __attribute__((always_inline))
#define PLY_DEBUG_BREAK() __builtin_trap()
#define PLY_FORCE_CRASH() __builtin_trap()
#define PLY_COMPILER_BARRIER() asm volatile(&quot;&quot; ::: &quot;memory&quot;)
#define PLY_NO_DISCARD __attribute__((warn_unused_result))
#endif
//--------------------------------------------
// Platform includes
//--------------------------------------------
#if defined(_WIN32)
#define PLY_WINDOWS 1
#endif
#if defined(PLY_WINDOWS) // Windows
#ifndef NOMINMAX
#define NOMINMAX
#endif
#ifndef WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
#endif
#include &lt;windows.h&gt;
#elif defined(PLY_POSIX) // Linux, macOS, iOS, Android
#include &lt;errno.h&gt;
#include &lt;unistd.h&gt;
#include &lt;pthread.h&gt;
#include &lt;netdb.h&gt;
#include &lt;string.h&gt;
#include &lt;sys/types.h&gt;
#include &lt;sys/time.h&gt;
#include &lt;sys/socket.h&gt;
#if defined(PLY_APPLE) // macOS &amp; iOS
#include &lt;mach/mach.h&gt;
#include &lt;mach/mach_time.h&gt;
#else
#include &lt;semaphore.h&gt;
#endif
#endif
// ▄▄ ▄▄
// ███▄███ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄
// ██▀█▀██ ▄▄▄██ ██ ██ ▀▀ ██ ██ ▀█▄▄▄
// ██ ██ ▀█▄▄██ ▀█▄▄▄ ██ ▀█▄▄█▀ ▄▄▄█▀
//
//--------------------------------------------
// Asserts
//--------------------------------------------
#if defined(PLY_WITH_ASSERTS)
#define PLY_ASSERT(cond) \
do { \
if (!(cond)) \
PLY_FORCE_CRASH(); \
} while (0)
#else
#define PLY_ASSERT(cond) \
do { \
} while (0)
#endif
//--------------------------------------------
// Common macros
//--------------------------------------------
#define PLY_STRINGIFY2(x) #x
#define PLY_STRINGIFY(x) PLY_STRINGIFY2(x)
#define PLY_CAT2(a, b) a##b
#define PLY_CAT(a, b) PLY_CAT2(a, b)
#define PLY_UNIQUE_VARIABLE(prefix) PLY_CAT(prefix, __LINE__)
#define PLY_PTR_OFFSET(ptr, ofs) ((void*) (((u8*) (void*) (ptr)) + (ofs)))
#define PLY_OFFSET_OF(type, member) uptr(&amp;((type*) 0)-&gt;member)
#define PLY_STATIC_ARRAY_SIZE(arr) (sizeof(arr) / sizeof((arr)[0]))
#define PLY_UNUSED(x) ((void) x)
#define PLY_CALL_MEMBER(obj, pmf) ((obj).*(pmf))
#define PLY_STATIC_ASSERT(cond) static_assert(cond, #cond)
namespace ply {
//--------------------------------------------
// PLY_PUN_GUARD
//--------------------------------------------
struct PunGuard {
PunGuard() {
PLY_COMPILER_BARRIER();
}
~PunGuard() {
PLY_COMPILER_BARRIER();
}
};
#define PLY_PUN_GUARD ::ply::PunGuard PLY_UNIQUE_VARIABLE(_punGuard_)
//--------------------------------------------
// PLY_SET_IN_SCOPE
//--------------------------------------------
template &lt;typename T, typename V&gt;
struct SetInScope {
T&amp; target; // The variable to set/reset
std::remove_reference_t&lt;T&gt; oldValue; // Backup of original value
const V&amp; newValueRef; // Extends the lifetime of temporary values in the case of
// eg. Set_In_Scope&lt;String_View, String&gt;
template &lt;typename U&gt;
SetInScope(T&amp; target, U&amp;&amp; newValue) : target{target}, oldValue{std::move(target)}, newValueRef{newValue} {
target = std::forward&lt;U&gt;(newValue);
}
~SetInScope() {
this-&gt;target = std::move(this-&gt;oldValue);
}
};
#define PLY_SET_IN_SCOPE(target, value) \
SetInScope&lt;decltype(target), decltype(value)&gt; PLY_UNIQUE_VARIABLE(setInScope) { \
target, value \
}
//--------------------------------------------
// PLY_ON_SCOPE_EXIT
//--------------------------------------------
template &lt;typename Callback&gt;
struct OnScopeExit {
Callback cb;
~OnScopeExit() {
cb();
}
};
template &lt;typename Callback&gt;
OnScopeExit&lt;Callback&gt; setOnScopeExit(Callback&amp;&amp; cb) {
return {std::forward&lt;Callback&gt;(cb)};
}
#define PLY_ON_SCOPE_EXIT(cb) auto PLY_UNIQUE_VARIABLE(onScopeExit) = setOnScopeExit([&amp;] cb)
// ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄
// ██ ▀▀ ██ ██ ███ ██ ██ ██ ██
// ▀▀▀█▄ ██▀▀ ██ ██▀███ ██▀▀██ ██▀▀
// ▀█▄▄█▀ ██ ▄██▄ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██▄▄▄
//
template &lt;typename T&gt;
T&amp;&amp; declval();
template &lt;typename...&gt;
using void_t = void;
template &lt;bool&gt;
struct enableIfBool;
template &lt;&gt;
struct enableIfBool&lt;true&gt; {
using type = int;
};
#define PLY_ENABLE_IF(x) typename ::ply::enableIfBool&lt;(x)&gt;::type = 0
template &lt;typename&gt;
struct enableIfType {
using type = int;
};
#define PLY_ENABLE_IF_WELL_FORMED(x) typename ::ply::enableIfType&lt;decltype(x)&gt;::type = 0
// Why doesn&#x27;t this work reliably without void_t&lt;...&gt;?
// In particular, hasGetLookupKeyMember stops working, seemingly because the member function returns non-void.
#define PLY_CHECK_WELL_FORMED(name, expr) \
template &lt;typename, typename = void&gt; \
static constexpr bool name = false; \
template &lt;typename T&gt; \
static constexpr bool name&lt;T, void_t&lt;decltype(expr)&gt;&gt; = true;
// ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄
// ███ ██ ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄▄▄
// ██▀███ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██▄▄██ ██ ▀▀ ██ ██
// ██ ██ ▀█▄▄██ ██ ██ ██ ▀█▄▄▄ ██ ██ ▀█▄▄▄
//
//--------------------------------------------
// Numeric types
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-20-942Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-20-942Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:20.942Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:20.942Z">2026-02-25T12:44:20.942Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Planning default macro and validate method</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-20-942Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-20-942Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:20.942Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:20.942Z">2026-02-25T12:44:20.942Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Planning default macro and validate method</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-21-384Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-21-384Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:21.384Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:21.384Z">2026-02-25T12:44:21.384Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_7AW6t7efOIPk2JxYodG0WMSn"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;rg -n \&#34;Heap::validate|validate\\(\\)\&#34; src apps -S&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-21-478Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-21-478Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:21.478Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:21.478Z">2026-02-25T12:44:21.478Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 056514
Wall time: 0.0512 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 49
Output:
src/ply-btree.h:799: PLY_NO_INLINE void validate() const {
apps/base-tests/test-cases.cpp:1001: btree.validate();
apps/base-tests/test-cases.cpp:1011: btree.validate();
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-27-008Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-27-008Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:27.008Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:27.008Z">2026-02-25T12:44:27.008Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Planning custom allocator implementation</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-27-008Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-27-008Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:27.008Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:27.008Z">2026-02-25T12:44:27.008Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Planning custom allocator implementation</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-29-344Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-29-344Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:29.344Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:29.344Z">2026-02-25T12:44:29.344Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="assistant-text"><p>I confirmed there’s no existing <code>Heap::validate</code> API, so I’ll add it to the public interface and implement it in the allocator. Next I’m inspecting <code>Mutex</code>/<code>VirtualMemory</code> usage patterns so the new allocator can be safely synchronized and return memory to the OS correctly.</p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-29-346Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-29-346Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:29.346Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:29.346Z">2026-02-25T12:44:29.346Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_AARCanq8nnP9R75Ji5JKIbt1"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;rg -n \&#34;struct Mutex|class Mutex|Mutex::|ConditionVariable|ReadWriteLock\&#34; src/ply-base.h src/ply-base.cpp -S&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-29-346Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-29-346Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:29.346Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:29.346Z">2026-02-25T12:44:29.346Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_gt2fTCx3DmiUaJljRSn5HSUP"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;sed -n &#39;1180,1370p&#39; src/ply-base.h&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-29-347Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-29-347Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:29.347Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:29.347Z">2026-02-25T12:44:29.347Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_ZOEJ0aenhM0942jI0wdlUlf6"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;sed -n &#39;3920,4240p&#39; src/ply-base.cpp&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-29-434Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-29-434Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:29.434Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:29.434Z">2026-02-25T12:44:29.434Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: fa2c19
Wall time: 0.0504 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 348
Output:
src/ply-base.cpp:3833:ReadWriteLock Filesystem::workingDirLock;
src/ply-base.cpp:3929: // This ReadWriteLock is used to mitigate data race issues with
src/ply-base.cpp:3957: // This ReadWriteLock is used to mitigate data race issues with
src/ply-base.h:1063:class Mutex {
src/ply-base.h:1066: friend class ConditionVariable;
src/ply-base.h:1087:class Mutex {
src/ply-base.h:1090: friend class ConditionVariable;
src/ply-base.h:1144:class ConditionVariable {
src/ply-base.h:1149: ConditionVariable() {
src/ply-base.h:1150: InitializeConditionVariable(&amp;condVar);
src/ply-base.h:1153: SleepConditionVariableSRW(&amp;condVar, &amp;lockGuard.mutex.srwlock, INFINITE, 0);
src/ply-base.h:1157: SleepConditionVariableSRW(&amp;condVar, &amp;lockGuard.mutex.srwlock, waitMillis, 0);
src/ply-base.h:1161: WakeConditionVariable(&amp;condVar);
src/ply-base.h:1164: WakeAllConditionVariable(&amp;condVar);
src/ply-base.h:1172:class ConditionVariable {
src/ply-base.h:1177: ConditionVariable() {
src/ply-base.h:1180: ~ConditionVariable() {
src/ply-base.h:1220:struct ReadWriteLock {
src/ply-base.h:1223: ReadWriteLock() {
src/ply-base.h:1226: ~ReadWriteLock() {
src/ply-base.h:1247:struct ReadWriteLock {
src/ply-base.h:1250: ReadWriteLock() {
src/ply-base.h:1253: ~ReadWriteLock() {
src/ply-base.h:4288: static ReadWriteLock workingDirLock;
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-29-435Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-29-435Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:29.435Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:29.435Z">2026-02-25T12:44:29.435Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 527598
Wall time: 0.0521 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 1593
Output:
~ConditionVariable() {
pthread_cond_destroy(&amp;cond);
}
void wait(LockGuard&lt;Mutex&gt;&amp; lockGuard) {
pthread_cond_wait(&amp;cond, &amp;lockGuard.mutex.mutex);
}
void timedWait(LockGuard&lt;Mutex&gt;&amp; lockGuard, u32 waitMillis) {
if (waitMillis &gt; 0) {
struct timespec ts;
struct timeval tv;
gettimeofday(&amp;tv, NULL);
ts.tv_sec = tv.tv_sec + waitMillis / 1000;
ts.tv_nsec = (tv.tv_usec + (waitMillis % 1000) * 1000) * 1000;
if (ts.tv_nsec &gt;= 1000000000) {
ts.tv_sec++;
ts.tv_nsec -= 1000000000;
}
pthread_cond_timedwait(&amp;cond, &amp;lockGuard.mutex.mutex, &amp;ts);
}
}
void wakeOne() {
pthread_cond_signal(&amp;cond);
}
void wakeAll() {
pthread_cond_broadcast(&amp;cond);
}
};
#endif
// ▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄
// ██ ██ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄██ ██ ▄▄ ██ ▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄ ▄██▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ██ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ██ ▄▄
// ██▀▀█▄ ██▄▄██ ▄▄▄██ ██ ██ ▀█▄██▄█▀ ██ ▀▀ ██ ██ ██▄▄██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██▄█▀
// ██ ██ ▀█▄▄▄ ▀█▄▄██ ▀█▄▄██ ██▀▀██ ██ ██ ▀█▄▄ ▀█▄▄▄ ██▄▄▄ ▀█▄▄█▀ ▀█▄▄▄ ██ ▀█▄
//
#if defined(PLY_WINDOWS)
//----------------------------------------------------
// Windows implementation.
struct ReadWriteLock {
SRWLOCK srwLock;
ReadWriteLock() {
InitializeSRWLock(&amp;this-&gt;srwLock);
}
~ReadWriteLock() {
// SRW locks do not need to be destroyed.
}
void lockExclusive() {
AcquireSRWLockExclusive(&amp;this-&gt;srwLock);
}
void unlockExclusive() {
ReleaseSRWLockExclusive(&amp;this-&gt;srwLock);
}
void lockShared() {
AcquireSRWLockShared(&amp;this-&gt;srwLock);
}
void unlockShared() {
ReleaseSRWLockShared(&amp;this-&gt;srwLock);
}
};
#elif defined(PLY_POSIX)
//----------------------------------------------------
// POSIX implementation.
struct ReadWriteLock {
pthread_rwlock_t rwLock;
ReadWriteLock() {
pthread_rwlock_init(&amp;this-&gt;rwLock, NULL);
}
~ReadWriteLock() {
pthread_rwlock_destroy(&amp;this-&gt;rwLock);
}
void lockExclusive() {
pthread_rwlock_wrlock(&amp;this-&gt;rwLock);
}
void unlockExclusive() {
pthread_rwlock_unlock(&amp;this-&gt;rwLock);
}
void lockShared() {
pthread_rwlock_rdlock(&amp;this-&gt;rwLock);
}
void unlockShared() {
pthread_rwlock_unlock(&amp;this-&gt;rwLock);
}
};
#endif
// ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄
// ██ ▀▀ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄ ██▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄
// ▀▀▀█▄ ██▄▄██ ██ ██ ██ ▄▄▄██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ▀▀ ██▄▄██
// ▀█▄▄█▀ ▀█▄▄▄ ██ ██ ██ ▀█▄▄██ ██▄▄█▀ ██ ██ ▀█▄▄█▀ ██ ▀█▄▄▄
// ██
#if defined(PLY_WINDOWS)
//----------------------------------------------------
// Windows implementation.
struct Semaphore {
HANDLE sema;
Semaphore() {
this-&gt;sema = CreateSemaphore(NULL, 0, INT32_MAX, NULL);
}
~Semaphore() {
CloseHandle(this-&gt;sema);
}
void wait() {
WaitForSingleObject(this-&gt;sema, INFINITE);
}
void signal(u32 count = 1) {
ReleaseSemaphore(this-&gt;sema, (DWORD) count, NULL);
}
};
#elif defined(PLY_APPLE)
//----------------------------------------------------
// macOS &amp; iOS implementation.
struct Semaphore {
semaphore_t sema;
Semaphore() {
semaphore_create(mach_task_self(), &amp;this-&gt;sema, SYNC_POLICY_FIFO, 0);
}
~Semaphore() {
semaphore_destroy(mach_task_self(), this-&gt;sema);
}
void wait() {
semaphore_wait(this-&gt;sema);
}
void signal(u32 count = 1) {
while (count-- &gt; 0) {
semaphore_signal(this-&gt;sema);
}
}
};
#elif defined(PLY_POSIX)
//----------------------------------------------------
// Other POSIX platforms implementation.
struct Semaphore {
sem_t sema;
Semaphore() {
sem_init(&amp;this-&gt;sema, 0, 0);
}
~Semaphore() {
sem_destroy(&amp;this-&gt;sema);
}
void wait() {
int rc;
do {
rc = sem_wait(&amp;this-&gt;sema);
} while (rc == -1 &amp;&amp; errno == EINTR);
}
void signal(u32 count = 1) {
while (count-- &gt; 0) {
sem_post(&amp;this-&gt;sema);
}
}
};
#endif
// ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄
// ██ ██ ▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄ ▄██▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ██ ███▄███ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄
// ██ ██ ██ ██ ▀▀ ██ ██ ██ ▄▄▄██ ██ ██▀█▀██ ██▄▄██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ▀▀ ██ ██
// ▀█▀ ██ ██ ▀█▄▄ ▀█▄▄██ ▀█▄▄██ ▄██▄ ██ ██ ▀█▄▄▄ ██ ██ ██ ▀█▄▄█▀ ██ ▀█▄▄██
// ▄▄▄█▀
struct VirtualMemory {
// Usage stats
// The current total amount of address space that was reserved using allocRegion or reserveRegion
static Atomic&lt;uptr&gt; totalReservedBytes;
// The current total amount of memory that was committed using allocRegion or commitPages
static Atomic&lt;uptr&gt; totalCommittedBytes;
// Returned by getProperties()
struct Properties {
uptr regionAlignment = 0; // reserve/allocRegion sizes must be a multiple of this
uptr pageSize = 0; // commitPages sizes must be a multiple of this
};
// Returned by getSystemStats()
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-29-435Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-29-435Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:29.435Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:29.435Z">2026-02-25T12:44:29.435Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 25c999
Wall time: 0.0519 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 2751
Output:
return Filesystem::setLastResult(FS_UNKNOWN);
}
}
}
}
FSResult Filesystem::setWorkingDirectory(StringView path) {
BOOL rc;
{
// This ReadWriteLock is used to mitigate data race issues with
// SetCurrentDirectoryW:
// https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/winbase/nf-winbase-setcurrentdirectory
Filesystem::workingDirLock.lockExclusive();
rc = SetCurrentDirectoryW(win32_path_arg(path));
Filesystem::workingDirLock.unlockExclusive();
}
if (rc) {
return Filesystem::setLastResult(FS_OK);
} else {
DWORD err = GetLastError();
switch (err) {
case ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND:
return Filesystem::setLastResult(FS_NOT_FOUND);
default: {
PLY_ASSERT(PLY_FSWIN32_ALLOW_UNKNOWN_ERRORS);
return Filesystem::setLastResult(FS_UNKNOWN);
}
}
}
}
String Filesystem::getWorkingDirectory() {
u32 numUnitsWithNullTerm = MAX_PATH + 1;
for (;;) {
WString win32_path = WString::allocate(numUnitsWithNullTerm);
DWORD rc;
{
// This ReadWriteLock is used to mitigate data race issues with
// SetCurrentDirectoryW:
// https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/winbase/nf-winbase-setcurrentdirectory
Filesystem::workingDirLock.lockShared();
rc = GetCurrentDirectoryW(numUnitsWithNullTerm, (LPWSTR) win32_path.units);
Filesystem::workingDirLock.unlockShared();
}
if (rc == 0) {
PLY_ASSERT(PLY_FSWIN32_ALLOW_UNKNOWN_ERRORS);
Filesystem::setLastResult(FS_UNKNOWN);
return {};
}
PLY_ASSERT(rc != numUnitsWithNullTerm);
if (rc &lt; numUnitsWithNullTerm) {
// GetCurrentDirectoryW: If the function succeeds, the return value
// specifies the number of characters that are written to the buffer, not
// including the terminating null character.
WStringView truncated_win32_path = {win32_path.units, rc};
if (truncated_win32_path.numUnits &gt;= 4 &amp;&amp;
truncated_win32_path.rawBytes().left(8) == StringView{(const char*) L&quot;\\\\?\\&quot;, 8}) {
// Drop leading &quot;\\\\?\\&quot;:
truncated_win32_path.units += 4;
truncated_win32_path.numUnits -= 4;
}
Filesystem::setLastResult(FS_OK);
return fromWstring(truncated_win32_path);
}
// GetCurrentDirectoryW: If the buffer that is pointed to by lpBuffer is not
// large enough, the return value specifies the required size of the buffer, in
// characters, including the null-terminating character.
numUnitsWithNullTerm = rc;
}
}
ExistsResult Filesystem::exists(StringView path) {
// FIXME: Do something sensible when passed &quot;C:&quot; and other drive letters
DWORD attribs = GetFileAttributesW(win32_path_arg(path));
if (attribs == INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES) {
DWORD err = GetLastError();
switch (err) {
case ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND:
case ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND:
case ERROR_INVALID_NAME: {
return ER_NOT_FOUND;
}
default: {
#if defined(PLY_WITH_ASSERTS)
PLY_FORCE_CRASH(); // Unrecognized error
#endif
return ER_NOT_FOUND;
}
}
} else if ((attribs &amp; FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY) != 0) {
return ER_DIRECTORY;
} else {
return ER_FILE;
}
}
HANDLE Filesystem::openHandleForRead(StringView path) {
// Should this use FILE_SHARE_DELETE or FILE_SHARE_WRITE?
HANDLE handle = CreateFileW(win32_path_arg(path), GENERIC_READ, FILE_SHARE_READ, NULL, OPEN_EXISTING,
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, NULL);
if (handle != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
Filesystem::setLastResult(FS_OK);
} else {
DWORD error = GetLastError();
switch (error) {
case ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND:
case ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND:
case ERROR_INVALID_NAME:
Filesystem::setLastResult(FS_NOT_FOUND);
break;
case ERROR_SHARING_VIOLATION:
Filesystem::setLastResult(FS_LOCKED);
break;
case ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED:
Filesystem::setLastResult(FS_ACCESS_DENIED);
break;
default:
PLY_ASSERT(PLY_FSWIN32_ALLOW_UNKNOWN_ERRORS);
Filesystem::setLastResult(FS_UNKNOWN);
break;
}
}
return handle;
}
Owned&lt;Pipe&gt; Filesystem::openPipeForRead(StringView path) {
HANDLE handle = openHandleForRead(path);
if (handle == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
return nullptr;
return Heap::create&lt;PipeHandle&gt;(handle, Pipe::HAS_READ_PERMISSION | Pipe::CAN_SEEK);
}
HANDLE Filesystem::openHandleForWrite(StringView path) {
// FIXME: Needs graceful handling of ERROR_SHARING_VIOLATION
// Should this use FILE_SHARE_DELETE | FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE?
HANDLE handle =
CreateFileW(win32_path_arg(path), GENERIC_WRITE, 0, NULL, CREATE_ALWAYS, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, NULL);
if (handle != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
Filesystem::setLastResult(FS_OK);
} else {
DWORD error = GetLastError();
switch (error) {
case ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND:
case ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND:
case ERROR_INVALID_NAME:
Filesystem::setLastResult(FS_NOT_FOUND);
break;
case ERROR_SHARING_VIOLATION:
Filesystem::setLastResult(FS_LOCKED);
break;
case ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED:
Filesystem::setLastResult(FS_ACCESS_DENIED);
break;
default:
PLY_ASSERT(PLY_FSWIN32_ALLOW_UNKNOWN_ERRORS);
Filesystem::setLastResult(FS_UNKNOWN);
break;
}
}
return handle;
}
Owned&lt;Pipe&gt; Filesystem::openPipeForWrite(StringView path) {
HANDLE handle = openHandleForWrite(path);
if (handle == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
return nullptr;
return Heap::create&lt;PipeHandle&gt;(handle, Pipe::HAS_WRITE_PERMISSION | Pipe::CAN_SEEK);
}
FSResult Filesystem::moveFile(StringView srcPath, StringView dstPath) {
BOOL rc = MoveFileExW(win32_path_arg(srcPath), win32_path_arg(dstPath), MOVEFILE_REPLACE_EXISTING);
if (rc) {
return Filesystem::setLastResult(FS_OK);
} else {
DWORD error = GetLastError();
PLY_ASSERT(PLY_FSWIN32_ALLOW_UNKNOWN_ERRORS);
return Filesystem::setLastResult(FS_UNKNOWN);
}
}
FSResult Filesystem::deleteFile(StringView path) {
BOOL rc = DeleteFileW(win32_path_arg(path));
if (rc) {
return Filesystem::setLastResult(FS_OK);
} else {
DWORD err = GetLastError();
PLY_ASSERT(PLY_FSWIN32_ALLOW_UNKNOWN_ERRORS);
return Filesystem::setLastResult(FS_UNKNOWN);
}
}
FSResult Filesystem::removeDirTree(StringView dirPath) {
String absPath = dirPath;
if (!isAbsolutePath(WindowsPath, dirPath)) {
absPath = joinPath(WindowsPath, Filesystem::getWorkingDirectory(), dirPath);
}
OutPipeConvertUnicode out{MemStream{}, UTF16_LE};
out.write(absPath);
out.childOut.write({&quot;\0\0\0\0&quot;, 4}); // double null terminated
MemStream* memOut = static_cast&lt;MemStream*&gt;(&amp;out.childOut);
WString wstr = WString::moveFromString(memOut-&gt;moveToString());
SHFILEOPSTRUCTW shfo;
memset(&amp;shfo, 0, sizeof(shfo));
shfo.hwnd = NULL;
shfo.wFunc = FO_DELETE;
shfo.pFrom = wstr;
shfo.pTo = NULL;
shfo.fFlags = FOF_SILENT | FOF_NOERRORUI | FOF_NOCONFIRMATION;
shfo.fAnyOperationsAborted = FALSE;
shfo.hNameMappings = NULL;
shfo.lpszProgressTitle = NULL;
int rc = SHFileOperationW(&amp;shfo);
return (rc == 0) ? FS_OK : FS_ACCESS_DENIED;
}
DirectoryEntry Filesystem::getFileInfo(HANDLE handle) {
DirectoryEntry entry;
FILETIME creationTime = {0, 0};
FILETIME lastAccessTime = {0, 0};
FILETIME lastWriteTime = {0, 0};
BOOL rc = GetFileTime(handle, &amp;creationTime, &amp;lastAccessTime, &amp;lastWriteTime);
if (rc) {
entry.creationTime = windowsToPosixTime(creationTime);
entry.accessTime = windowsToPosixTime(lastAccessTime);
entry.modificationTime = windowsToPosixTime(lastWriteTime);
} else {
PLY_ASSERT(PLY_FSWIN32_ALLOW_UNKNOWN_ERRORS);
entry.result = FS_UNKNOWN;
}
LARGE_INTEGER fileSize;
rc = GetFileSizeEx(handle, &amp;fileSize);
if (rc) {
entry.fileSize = fileSize.QuadPart;
} else {
PLY_ASSERT(PLY_FSWIN32_ALLOW_UNKNOWN_ERRORS);
entry.result = FS_UNKNOWN;
}
entry.result = FS_OK;
Filesystem::setLastResult(FS_OK);
return entry;
}
DirectoryEntry Filesystem::getFileInfo(StringView path) {
HANDLE handle = Filesystem::openHandleForRead(path);
if (handle == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
DirectoryEntry entry;
entry.result = Filesystem::lastResult();
return entry;
}
DirectoryEntry entry = Filesystem::getFileInfo(handle);
CloseHandle(handle);
return entry;
}
#elif defined(PLY_POSIX)
//-----------------------------------------------
// POSIX
//-----------------------------------------------
#define PLY_FSPOSIX_ALLOW_UNKNOWN_ERRORS 0
Array&lt;DirectoryEntry&gt; Filesystem::listDir(StringView path) {
Array&lt;DirectoryEntry&gt; result;
DIR* dir = opendir((path + &#x27;\0&#x27;).bytes());
if (!dir) {
switch (errno) {
case ENOENT: {
Filesystem::setLastResult(FS_NOT_FOUND);
return result;
}
case EACCES: {
Filesystem::setLastResult(FS_ACCESS_DENIED);
return result;
}
default: {
PLY_ASSERT(PLY_FSPOSIX_ALLOW_UNKNOWN_ERRORS);
Filesystem::setLastResult(FS_UNKNOWN);
return result;
}
}
}
while (true) {
errno = 0;
struct dirent* rde = readdir(dir);
if (!rde) {
if (errno == 0) {
Filesystem::setLastResult(FS_OK);
} else {
PLY_ASSERT(PLY_FSPOSIX_ALLOW_UNKNOWN_ERRORS);
Filesystem::setLastResult(FS_UNKNOWN);
}
break;
}
DirectoryEntry entry;
entry.name = rde-&gt;d_name;
// d_type is not POSIX, but it exists on OSX and Linux.
if (rde-&gt;d_type == DT_REG) {
entry.isDir = false;
} else if (rde-&gt;d_type == DT_DIR) {
if (rde-&gt;d_name[0] == &#x27;.&#x27;) {
if (rde-&gt;d_name[1] == 0 || (rde-&gt;d_name[1] == &#x27;.&#x27; &amp;&amp; rde-&gt;d_name[2] == 0))
continue;
}
entry.isDir = true;
}
// Get additional file information
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-32-008Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-32-008Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:32.008Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:32.008Z">2026-02-25T12:44:32.008Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Reviewing mutex-related code block</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-32-008Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-32-008Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:32.008Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:32.008Z">2026-02-25T12:44:32.008Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Reviewing mutex-related code block</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-32-110Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-32-110Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:32.110Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:32.110Z">2026-02-25T12:44:32.110Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_hAUo0amQ6RUUOYcJlo8n7Hrg"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;sed -n &#39;1000,1135p&#39; src/ply-base.h&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-32-195Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-32-195Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:32.195Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:32.195Z">2026-02-25T12:44:32.195Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: e4939d
Wall time: 0.0509 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 1015
Output:
#elif defined(PLY_POSIX)
//----------------------------------------------------
// POSIX implementation.
template &lt;typename T&gt;
class ThreadLocal {
private:
PLY_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(T) &lt;= PLY_PTR_SIZE);
pthread_key_t m_tlsKey;
public:
ThreadLocal() {
int rc = pthread_key_create(&amp;m_tlsKey, NULL);
PLY_ASSERT(rc == 0);
PLY_UNUSED(rc);
}
ThreadLocal(const ThreadLocal&amp;) = delete;
~ThreadLocal() {
int rc = pthread_key_delete(m_tlsKey);
PLY_ASSERT(rc == 0);
PLY_UNUSED(rc);
}
template &lt;typename U = T, std::enable_if_t&lt;std::is_pointer&lt;U&gt;::value, int&gt; = 0&gt;
U load() const {
void* value = pthread_getspecific(m_tlsKey);
return (T) value;
}
template &lt;typename U = T, std::enable_if_t&lt;std::is_enum&lt;U&gt;::value || std::is_integral&lt;U&gt;::value, int&gt; = 0&gt;
U load() const {
void* value = pthread_getspecific(m_tlsKey);
return (T) (uptr) value;
}
template &lt;typename U = T, std::enable_if_t&lt;std::is_enum&lt;U&gt;::value || std::is_integral&lt;U&gt;::value, int&gt; = 0&gt;
void store(U value) {
int rc = pthread_setspecific(m_tlsKey, (void*) (uptr) value);
PLY_ASSERT(rc == 0);
PLY_UNUSED(rc);
}
// In C++11, you can write auto scope = myTlvar.setInScope(value);
using Scope = ThreadLocalScope&lt;ThreadLocal, T&gt;;
Scope setInScope(T value) {
return {this, value};
}
};
#endif
// ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄
// ███▄███ ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄██▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄
// ██▀█▀██ ██ ██ ██ ██▄▄██ ▀██▀
// ██ ██ ▀█▄▄██ ▀█▄▄ ▀█▄▄▄ ▄█▀▀█▄
//
#if defined(PLY_WINDOWS)
//----------------------------------------------------
// Windows implementation.
class Mutex {
private:
SRWLOCK srwlock;
friend class ConditionVariable;
public:
Mutex() {
InitializeSRWLock(&amp;srwlock);
}
void lock() {
AcquireSRWLockExclusive(&amp;srwlock);
}
bool tryLock() {
return TryAcquireSRWLockExclusive(&amp;srwlock) != 0;
}
void unlock() {
ReleaseSRWLockExclusive(&amp;srwlock);
}
};
#elif defined(PLY_POSIX)
//----------------------------------------------------
// POSIX implementation.
class Mutex {
private:
pthread_mutex_t mutex;
friend class ConditionVariable;
public:
Mutex() {
pthread_mutexattr_t attr;
pthread_mutexattr_init(&amp;attr);
pthread_mutexattr_settype(&amp;attr, PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE);
pthread_mutex_init(&amp;mutex, &amp;attr);
pthread_mutexattr_destroy(&amp;attr);
}
~Mutex() {
pthread_mutex_destroy(&amp;mutex);
}
void lock() {
pthread_mutex_lock(&amp;mutex);
}
bool tryLock() {
return pthread_mutex_trylock(&amp;mutex) == 0;
}
void unlock() {
pthread_mutex_unlock(&amp;mutex);
}
};
#endif
// ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄
// ██ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ██ ▄▄ ██ ▀▀ ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄██
// ██ ██ ██ ██ ██▄█▀ ██ ▀██ ██ ██ ▄▄▄██ ██ ▀▀ ██ ██
// ██▄▄▄ ▀█▄▄█▀ ▀█▄▄▄ ██ ▀█▄ ▀█▄▄██ ▀█▄▄██ ▀█▄▄██ ██ ▀█▄▄██
//
template &lt;typename MutexType&gt;
struct LockGuard {
MutexType&amp; mutex;
LockGuard(MutexType&amp; mutex) : mutex{mutex} {
this-&gt;mutex.lock();
}
~LockGuard() {
this-&gt;mutex.unlock();
}
};
// ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄▄
// ██ ▀▀ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄██ ▄▄ ▄██▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄ ██ ██ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ██▄▄▄ ██ ▄▄▄▄
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-37-541Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-37-541Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:37.541Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:37.541Z">2026-02-25T12:44:37.541Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Inspecting allocator compilation setup</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-37-541Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-37-541Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:37.541Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:37.541Z">2026-02-25T12:44:37.541Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Inspecting allocator compilation setup</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-37-660Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-37-660Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:37.660Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:37.660Z">2026-02-25T12:44:37.660Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_yi47mcr8KEkWzfCXXm962WYM"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;ls -la src | sed -n &#39;1,120p&#39;&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-37-749Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-37-749Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:37.749Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:37.749Z">2026-02-25T12:44:37.749Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 71e3ce
Wall time: 0.0512 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 280
Output:
total 1004
drwxrwxr-x 2 jeff jeff 4096 Feb 25 07:41 .
drwxrwxr-x 7 jeff jeff 4096 Feb 24 20:49 ..
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jeff jeff 3836 Feb 24 17:15 common.cmake
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jeff jeff 221933 Feb 24 19:35 dlmalloc.c
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jeff jeff 165007 Feb 25 07:41 ply-base.cpp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jeff jeff 152977 Feb 25 07:41 ply-base.h
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jeff jeff 39586 Feb 4 21:26 ply-btree.h
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jeff jeff 151027 Feb 4 21:26 ply-cpp.cpp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jeff jeff 11964 Feb 4 21:26 ply-cpp.h
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jeff jeff 19708 Feb 4 21:26 ply-json.cpp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jeff jeff 7700 Feb 4 21:26 ply-json.h
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jeff jeff 58358 Feb 24 20:49 ply-markdown.cpp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jeff jeff 5329 Feb 24 20:49 ply-markdown.h
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jeff jeff 24210 Feb 4 21:26 ply-math.cpp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jeff jeff 53447 Feb 4 21:26 ply-math.h
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jeff jeff 21783 Feb 4 21:26 ply-network.cpp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jeff jeff 8059 Feb 4 21:26 ply-network.h
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jeff jeff 24640 Feb 24 20:49 ply-tokenizer.cpp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jeff jeff 4759 Feb 4 21:26 ply-tokenizer.h
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jeff jeff 8595 Feb 4 21:26 plywood.natvis
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<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-40-587Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-40-587Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:40.587Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:40.587Z">2026-02-25T12:44:40.587Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Planning detailed function comments</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-40-587Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-40-587Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:40.587Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:40.587Z">2026-02-25T12:44:40.587Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Planning detailed function comments</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-42-355Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-42-355Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:42.355Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:42.355Z">2026-02-25T12:44:42.355Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="assistant-text"><p>I’ve identified the current heap API surface and synchronization primitives. Next I’m mapping docs and test harness structure so I can add allocator tests plus the new <code>heap-design.md</code> page and wire it into the TOC cleanly.</p></div></div></div>
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<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_yPIMY90foqAQAmcp9NHfn6aC"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;cat docs/contents.json&#34;
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<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_MB19pduumXwKr1kEQli8ENZd"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;sed -n &#39;1,220p&#39; docs/base/memory.md&#34;
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<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_VQwYzDtmWfr0V4wCFifLndfV"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;sed -n &#39;1,260p&#39; apps/base-tests/test-cases.cpp&#34;
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<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_xxsoYWsPspsBfxiUNsJtkPU8"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;sed -n &#39;260,520p&#39; apps/base-tests/test-cases.cpp&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-42-439Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-42-439Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:42.439Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:42.439Z">2026-02-25T12:44:42.439Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: eb7243
Wall time: 0.0511 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 524
Output:
[
{&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Introduction&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;intro&quot;},
{&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Getting Started&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;getting-started&quot;},
{&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Project Overview&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;overview&quot;},
{&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Configuration Options&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;configuration&quot;},
{&quot;title&quot;: &quot;OS and Common Primitives&quot;, &quot;header-file&quot;: &quot;ply-base.h&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;base&quot;, &quot;children&quot;: [
{&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Preprocessor Macros&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;base/macros&quot;},
{&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Integer Types&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;base/integers&quot;},
{&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Numeric Functions&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;base/numeric-functions&quot;},
{&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Time and Date&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;base/time-date&quot;},
{&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Random Numbers&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;base/random&quot;},
{&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Memory&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;base/memory&quot;},
{&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Strings&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;base/strings&quot;},
{&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Arrays&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;base/arrays&quot;},
{&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Hash Maps&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;base/hash-maps&quot;},
{&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Object Ownership&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;base/ownership&quot;},
{&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Functors&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;base/functors&quot;},
{&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Variant Types&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;base/variants&quot;},
{&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Generic Algorithms&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;base/algorithms&quot;},
{&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Input and Output&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;base/input-output&quot;},
{&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Manipulating Text&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;base/text&quot;},
{&quot;title&quot;: &quot;The Filesystem&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;base/filesystem&quot;},
{&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Threads&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;base/threads&quot;},
{&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Processes&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;base/processes&quot;}
]},
{&quot;title&quot;: &quot;2D and 3D Math&quot;, &quot;header-file&quot;: &quot;ply-math.h&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;math&quot;},
{&quot;title&quot;: &quot;TCP/IP Networking&quot;, &quot;header-file&quot;: &quot;ply-network.h&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;network&quot;},
{&quot;title&quot;: &quot;B-Trees&quot;, &quot;header-file&quot;: &quot;ply-btree.h&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;btrees&quot;},
{&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Text Parsers&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;parsers&quot;, &quot;children&quot;: [
{&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Tokenizer&quot;, &quot;header-file&quot;: &quot;ply-tokenizer.h&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;parsers/tokenizer&quot;},
{&quot;title&quot;: &quot;JSON&quot;, &quot;header-file&quot;: &quot;ply-json.h&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;parsers/json&quot;},
{&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Markdown&quot;, &quot;header-file&quot;: &quot;ply-markdown.h&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;parsers/markdown&quot;},
{&quot;title&quot;: &quot;C++ Parser&quot;, &quot;header-file&quot;: &quot;ply-cpp.h&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;parsers/cpp&quot;}
]}
]
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<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-42-442Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-42-442Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:42.442Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:42.442Z">2026-02-25T12:44:42.442Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: a75eb3
Wall time: 0.0508 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 2151
Output:
{title text=&quot;Memory&quot; include=&quot;ply-base.h&quot; namespace=&quot;ply&quot;}
At the lowest level, there&#x27;s **virtual memory**, which can be mapped to physical memory using the underlying operating system.
The **heap** sits directly above that, dividing memory into variable-sized blocks that can be dynamically allocated and freed by the application as needed. Higher-level containers for managing memory, like `String`, `Array`, `Map`, `Owned` and `Reference`, are described in later sections.
## `Heap`
Plywood contains its own heap, which lets you allocate and free variable-sized blocks of memory.
{apiSummary class=Heap}
-- Low-level allocation
static void* alloc(uptr numBytes)
static void* realloc(void* ptr, uptr numBytes)
static void* free(void* ptr)
static void* allocAligned(uptr numBytes, u32 alignment)
-- Creating and destroying objects
static T* create&lt;T&gt;(Args&amp;&amp;... args)
static void destroy(T* obj)
-- Monitoring the heap
static void setOutOfMemoryHandler(Functor&lt;void()&gt; handler)
static Heap::Stats getStats()
static void validate()
{/apiSummary}
The Plywood heap is separate from the C Standard Library&#x27;s heap. Both heaps can coexist in the same program, but memory allocated from a specific heap must always be freed using the same heap. Plywood&#x27;s heap implementation uses [dlmalloc](https://gee.cs.oswego.edu/dl/html/malloc.html) under the hood.
`Heap` is thread-safe. All member functions can be called concurrently from separate threads.
### Low-level Allocation
{apiDescriptions class=Heap}
static void* alloc(uptr numBytes)
--
Allocates a block of memory from the Plywood heap. Equivalent to `malloc`. Always returns 16-byte aligned memory, suitable for SIMD vectors. Returns `nullptr` if allocation fails.
&gt;&gt;
static void* realloc(void* ptr, uptr numBytes)
--
Resizes a previously allocated block. The contents are preserved up to the smaller of the old and new sizes. May return a different pointer.
&gt;&gt;
static void* free(void* ptr)
--
Frees a previously allocated block, returning the memory to the heap.
&gt;&gt;
static void* allocAligned(uptr numBytes, u32 alignment)
--
Allocates memory with a specific alignment. Use for alignments greater than 16 bytes.
{/apiDescriptions}
### Creating and Destroying Objects
By default, Plywood will override C++ `new` and `delete` to use the Plywood heap. If you don&#x27;t want this behavior, perhaps because you&#x27;re integrating Plywood into an existing application, define [`PLY_OVERRIDE_NEW=0`](/docs/configuration).
You can create and destroy C++ objects in the Plywood heap directly using `Heap::create` and `Heap::destroy`, which essentially work like `new` and `delete`:
{apiDescriptions class=Heap}
template &lt;typename Type&gt; static Type* create&lt;Type&gt;(Args&amp;&amp;... args)
--
Allocates heap memory for an object of type `Type` and calls the constructor. The provided arguments are passed to the constructor using [perfect forwarding](https://isocpp.org/blog/2012/11/universal-references-in-c11-scott-meyers).
&gt;&gt;
template &lt;typename Type&gt; static void destroy(Type* obj)
--
Invokes the destructor of an object and frees its memory back to the heap.
{/apiDescriptions}
{example}
Owned&lt;Foo&gt; createFoo() {
return Heap::create&lt;Foo&gt;();
}
void destroy(Foo* foo) {
Heap::destroy(foo);
}
{/example}
### Monitoring the Heap
{apiDescriptions class=Heap}
static void setOutOfMemoryHandler(Functor&lt;void()&gt; handler)
--
Sets an out-of-memory handler. `handler` will be called if an allocation fails due to insufficient system memory.
Out-of-memory events are usually unrecoverable. There&#x27;s really no ideal way to handle them, other than to collect a report when the event occurs so that the issue can be investigated. In general, developers should establish a memory budget and aim to stay within it.
&gt;&gt;
static Heap::Stats getStats()
--
Returns statistics about heap usage. `numBytesAllocated` is the sum of the sizes of all allocated blocks. `virtualMemorySize`, a larger number, is the total amount of system memory used to store those blocks, including bookkeeping overhead and unused space.
```cpp
struct Heap::Stats {
uptr totalBytesConsumed; // Total number of bytes consumed by heap allocations including chunk headers.
uptr totalSystemMemoryUsed; // Total number of bytes currently committed via the system&#x27;s VirtualMemory API.
}
```
&gt;&gt;
static void validate()
--
Validates the heap&#x27;s internal consistency. Useful for debugging. Will force an immediate crash if the heap is corrupted, which is usually caused by a memory overrun or dangling pointer. Inserting calls to `validate` can help track down the cause of the corruption.
{/apiDescriptions}
## `VirtualMemory`
The `VirtualMemory` class is a platform-independent wrapper for mapping virtual memory to physical memory.
{apiSummary class=VirtualMemory title=&quot;VirtualMemory member functions&quot;}
-- System Information
static Properties getProperties()
static SystemStats getSystemStats()
-- Managing Pages
static void* reserveRegion(uptr numBytes)
static void unreserveRegion(void* addr, uptr numReservedBytes, uptr numCommittedBytes)
static void commitPages(void* addr, uptr numBytes)
static void decommitPages(void* addr, uptr numBytes)
-- Allocating Large Blocks
static void* allocRegion(uptr numBytes)
static void freeRegion(void* addr, uptr numBytes)
-- Usage Stats
static Atomic&lt;uptr&gt; totalReservedBytes
static Atomic&lt;uptr&gt; totalCommittedBytes
{/apiSummary}
In C++ applications, memory is represented as a 32-bit or 64-bit address space known as virtual memory, which is divided into fixed-sized pages. Most pages are initially unusable and will cause an access violation or segmentation fault if accessed. To make pages usable, they must be mapped to physical memory by the underlying operating system.
### System Information
{apiDescriptions class=VirtualMemory}
static VirtualMemory::Properties getProperties()
--
Returns information about the system&#x27;s virtual memory page size and allocation alignment. `VirtualMemory::Properties` has these members:
{table caption=&quot;`VirtualMemory::Properties` members&quot;}
`uptr`|regionAlignment|`reserveRegion` and `allocRegion` sizes must be a multiple of this
`uptr`|pageSize|`commitPages` sizes must be a multiple of this
{/table}
&gt;&gt;
static VirtualMemory::SystemStats getSystemStats()
--
Returns statistics about the current process&#x27;s virtual memory usage. `VirtualMemory::SystemStats` has platform-specific members:
On Windows:
{table caption=&quot;`VirtualMemory::SystemStats` members (Windows)&quot;}
`uptr`|privateUsage
`uptr`|workingSetSize
{/table}
On other platforms:
{table caption=&quot;`VirtualMemory::SystemStats` members (POSIX)&quot;}
`uptr`|virtualSize
`uptr`|residentSize
{/table}
{/apiDescriptions}
### Managing Pages
{apiDescriptions class=VirtualMemory}
static void* reserveRegion(uptr numBytes)
--
Reserves a region of address space. Memory pages are initially uncommitted. Returns `nullptr` on failure. `numBytes` must be a multiple of `regionAlignment`.
&gt;&gt;
static void unreserveRegion(void* addr, uptr numReservedBytes, uptr numCommittedBytes)
--
Unreserves a region of address space. `numReservedBytes` must match the argument passed to `reserveRegion`. Caller is responsible for passing the correct `numCommittedBytes`, otherwise stats will get out of sync.
&gt;&gt;
static void commitPages(void* addr, uptr numBytes)
--
Commits a subregion of reserved address space, making it legal to read and write to the subregion. `addr` must be aligned to `pageSize` and `numBytes` must be a multiple of `pageSize`.
&gt;&gt;
static void decommitPages(void* addr, uptr numBytes)
--
Decommits a subregion of previously committed memory. `addr` must be aligned to `pageSize` and `numBytes` must be a multiple of `pageSize`.
{/apiDescriptions}
### Allocating Large Blocks
{apiDescriptions class=VirtualMemory}
static void* allocRegion(uptr numBytes)
--
Reserves and commits a region of address space. Returns `nullptr` on failure. Free using `freeRegion`. Don&#x27;t decommit any pages in the returned region, otherwise stats will get out of sync. `numBytes` must be a multiple of `regionAlignment`.
&gt;&gt;
static void freeRegion(void* addr, uptr numBytes)
--
Decommits and unreserves a region of address space. `numBytes` must match the argument passed to `allocRegion`.
{/apiDescriptions}
### Usage Stats
{apiDescriptions class=VirtualMemory}
static Atomic&lt;uptr&gt; totalReservedBytes
--
The current total amount of address space that was reserved using `allocRegion` or `reserveRegion`.
&gt;&gt;
static Atomic&lt;uptr&gt; totalCommittedBytes
--
The current total amount of memory that was committed using `allocRegion` or `commitPages`.
{/apiDescriptions}
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<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-42-442Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-42-442Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:42.442Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:42.442Z">2026-02-25T12:44:42.442Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 9d5084
Wall time: 0.0508 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 2347
Output:
/*========================================================
____
╱ ╱╲ Plywood C++ Base Library
╱___╱╭╮╲ https://plywood.dev/
└──┴┴┴┘
========================================================*/
#include &quot;test-suite.h&quot;
#include &lt;ply-btree.h&gt;
#include &lt;ply-math.h&gt;
// ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄
// ███ ██ ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄▄▄
// ██▀███ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██▄▄██ ██ ▀▀ ██ ██
// ██ ██ ▀█▄▄██ ██ ██ ██ ▀█▄▄▄ ██ ██ ▀█▄▄▄
//
#undef TEST_CASE_PREFIX
#define TEST_CASE_PREFIX Numeric_
TEST_CASE(&quot;isRepresentable&quot;) {
// Integer ranges
check(isRepresentable&lt;u32&gt;(0));
check(isRepresentable&lt;u32&gt;(123));
check(!isRepresentable&lt;u32&gt;(-5));
check(isRepresentable&lt;s32&gt;(-5));
check(!isRepresentable&lt;s8&gt;(200));
check(isRepresentable&lt;u8&gt;(200));
check(!isRepresentable&lt;s8&gt;(u8(200)));
check(isRepresentable&lt;u16&gt;(getMaxValue&lt;s16&gt;()));
check(!isRepresentable&lt;s16&gt;(getMaxValue&lt;u16&gt;()));
check(!isRepresentable&lt;s32&gt;(getMinValue&lt;s64&gt;()));
check(!isRepresentable&lt;s32&gt;(getMaxValue&lt;s64&gt;()));
check(!isRepresentable&lt;s32&gt;(getMaxValue&lt;u64&gt;()));
check(!isRepresentable&lt;u32&gt;(getMinValue&lt;s64&gt;()));
check(!isRepresentable&lt;u32&gt;(getMaxValue&lt;s64&gt;()));
check(!isRepresentable&lt;u32&gt;(getMaxValue&lt;u64&gt;()));
check(isRepresentable&lt;s64&gt;(getMinValue&lt;s32&gt;()));
check(isRepresentable&lt;s64&gt;(getMaxValue&lt;s32&gt;()));
check(isRepresentable&lt;s64&gt;(getMaxValue&lt;u32&gt;()));
check(!isRepresentable&lt;s64&gt;(getMaxValue&lt;u64&gt;()));
check(!isRepresentable&lt;u64&gt;(getMinValue&lt;s32&gt;()));
check(isRepresentable&lt;u64&gt;(getMaxValue&lt;s32&gt;()));
check(isRepresentable&lt;u64&gt;(getMaxValue&lt;u32&gt;()));
check(isRepresentable&lt;u64&gt;(getMaxValue&lt;s64&gt;()));
// float to int
check(isRepresentable&lt;u32&gt;(123.0f));
check(!isRepresentable&lt;u32&gt;(123.25f));
check(isRepresentable&lt;s32&gt;(-2147483648.0f));
// int to float
check(isRepresentable&lt;float&gt;(16777216));
check(!isRepresentable&lt;float&gt;(16777217));
// float to float
check(isRepresentable&lt;double&gt;(16777216.f));
check(!isRepresentable&lt;float&gt;(16777217.0));
}
// ▄▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄
// ██ ▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ██ ▀▀ ██ ██ ▄▄▄▄ ▄██▄▄ ▄▄▄▄
// ██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██▄▄██ ▄█▀█▄▀▀ ██ ██ ▄▄▄██ ██ ██▄▄██
// ██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ▀█▄▄▄ ▀█▄▄▀█▄ ██▄▄█▀ ▀█▄▄██ ▀█▄▄ ▀█▄▄▄
//
TEST_CASE(&quot;String::fromDateTime&quot;) {
DateTime dateTime;
dateTime.year = 2025;
dateTime.month = 12;
dateTime.day = 1;
dateTime.weekday = 1; // Monday
dateTime.hour = 19;
dateTime.minute = 0;
dateTime.second = 1;
dateTime.timeZoneOffsetInMinutes = -300;
dateTime.microsecond = 234000;
check(String::fromDateTime(&quot;%Y-%m-%d&quot;, dateTime) == &quot;2025-12-01&quot;);
check(String::fromDateTime(&quot;%H:%M:%S&quot;, dateTime) == &quot;19:00:01&quot;);
check(String::fromDateTime(&quot;%A, %B %e, %Y&quot;, dateTime) == &quot;Monday, December 1, 2025&quot;);
check(String::fromDateTime(&quot;%l:%M %p (UTC%Z)&quot;, dateTime) == &quot;7:00 PM (UTC-05:00)&quot;);
check(String::fromDateTime(&quot;[%Y:%m:%d %H:%M:%S.%L]&quot;, dateTime) == &quot;[2025:12:01 19:00:01.234]&quot;);
}
// ▄▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄
// ██ ██▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄██
// ██ ██ ██ ██ ▀▀ ██▄▄██ ▄▄▄██ ██ ██
// ██ ██ ██ ██ ▀█▄▄▄ ▀█▄▄██ ▀█▄▄██
//
#undef TEST_CASE_PREFIX
#define TEST_CASE_PREFIX Thread_
TEST_CASE(&quot;Thread join&quot;) {
int value = 0;
Thread thread([&amp;]() { value = 42; });
thread.join();
check(value == 42);
}
// ▄▄ ▄▄
// ██ ██ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄
// ██▀▀██ ██▄▄██ ▄▄▄██ ██ ██
// ██ ██ ▀█▄▄▄ ▀█▄▄██ ██▄▄█▀
// ██
#undef TEST_CASE_PREFIX
#define TEST_CASE_PREFIX Heap_
TEST_CASE(&quot;Heap::getStats&quot;) {
Heap::Stats beginStats = Heap::getStats();
void* a = Heap::alloc(64);
void* b = Heap::alloc(4096);
check(a != nullptr);
check(b != nullptr);
Heap::Stats duringStats = Heap::getStats();
check(duringStats.totalBytesConsumed &gt;= beginStats.totalBytesConsumed + 64 + 4096);
check(duringStats.totalSystemMemoryUsed &gt;= duringStats.totalBytesConsumed);
Heap::free(a);
Heap::free(b);
Heap::Stats endStats = Heap::getStats();
check(endStats.totalBytesConsumed &lt;= duringStats.totalBytesConsumed);
check(endStats.totalSystemMemoryUsed &gt;= endStats.totalBytesConsumed);
}
TEST_CASE(&quot;Heap::setOutOfMemoryHandler&quot;) {
u32 outOfMemoryHandlerCallCount = 0;
Heap::setOutOfMemoryHandler([&amp;]() { outOfMemoryHandlerCallCount++; });
void* ptr = Heap::alloc(getMaxValue&lt;uptr&gt;());
check(ptr == nullptr);
check(outOfMemoryHandlerCallCount == 1);
Heap::setOutOfMemoryHandler({});
}
// ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄
// ██ ██ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ██▄▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄
// ██▀▀██ ▄▄▄██ ▀█▄▄▄ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██
// ██ ██ ▀█▄▄██ ▄▄▄█▀ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ▀█▄▄██
// ▄▄▄█▀
#undef TEST_CASE_PREFIX
#define TEST_CASE_PREFIX Hashing_
TEST_CASE(&quot;shuffle_bits() 32&quot;) {
Random rand;
for (u32 i = 0; i &lt; 1000; i++) {
u32 value = rand.generateU32();
u32 shuffled = shuffleBits(value);
u32 unshuffled = unshuffleBits(shuffled);
check(value == unshuffled);
}
}
TEST_CASE(&quot;shuffle_bits() 64&quot;) {
Random rand;
for (u32 i = 0; i &lt; 1000; i++) {
u64 value = rand.generateU32();
u64 shuffled = shuffleBits(value);
u64 unshuffled = unshuffleBits(shuffled);
check(value == unshuffled);
}
}
// ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄
// ██ ▀▀ ▄██▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄
// ▀▀▀█▄ ██ ██ ▀▀ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██
// ▀█▄▄█▀ ▀█▄▄ ██ ██ ██ ██ ▀█▄▄██
// ▄▄▄█▀
#undef TEST_CASE_PREFIX
#define TEST_CASE_PREFIX String_
TEST_CASE(&quot;String self-assignment&quot;) {
String str = &quot;How now brown cow?&quot;;
str = str.shortenedBy(1);
check(str == &quot;How now brown cow&quot;);
}
TEST_CASE(&quot;String find&quot;) {
String str = &quot;abcdefgh&quot;;
check(str.find([](char x) { return x == &#x27;c&#x27;; }) == 2);
check(str.find([](char x) { return x == &#x27;z&#x27;; }) &lt; 0);
check(str.find(&#x27;c&#x27;) == 2);
check(str.find(&#x27;z&#x27;) &lt; 0);
}
TEST_CASE(&quot;String reverseFind&quot;) {
String str = &quot;abcdefgh&quot;;
check(str.reverseFind([](char x) { return x == &#x27;c&#x27;; }) == 2);
check(str.reverseFind([](char x) { return x == &#x27;z&#x27;; }) &lt; 0);
check(str.reverseFind(&#x27;c&#x27;) == 2);
check(str.reverseFind(&#x27;z&#x27;) &lt; 0);
}
TEST_CASE(&quot;String split&quot;) {
// Single char separator
{
String str = &quot;apple,banana,cherry&quot;;
Array&lt;StringView&gt; parts = str.split(&quot;,&quot;);
check(parts.numItems() == 3);
check(parts[0] == &quot;apple&quot;);
check(parts[1] == &quot;banana&quot;);
check(parts[2] == &quot;cherry&quot;);
}
// Multi char separator
{
String str = &quot;apple::banana::cherry&quot;;
Array&lt;StringView&gt; parts = str.split(&quot;::&quot;);
check(parts.numItems() == 3);
check(parts[0] == &quot;apple&quot;);
check(parts[1] == &quot;banana&quot;);
check(parts[2] == &quot;cherry&quot;);
}
// Multi char separator with partial match in content
{
String str = &quot;apple::banana:cherry::date&quot;;
Array&lt;StringView&gt; parts = str.split(&quot;::&quot;);
check(parts.numItems() == 3);
check(parts[0] == &quot;apple&quot;);
check(parts[1] == &quot;banana:cherry&quot;);
check(parts[2] == &quot;date&quot;);
}
// Consecutive separators (empty parts are skipped)
{
String str = &quot;apple,,banana&quot;;
Array&lt;StringView&gt; parts = str.split(&quot;,&quot;);
check(parts.numItems() == 2);
check(parts[0] == &quot;apple&quot;);
check(parts[1] == &quot;banana&quot;);
}
// No separator found
{
String str = &quot;hello world&quot;;
Array&lt;StringView&gt; parts = str.split(&quot;,&quot;);
check(parts.numItems() == 1);
check(parts[0] == &quot;hello world&quot;);
}
// Empty string
{
String str = &quot;&quot;;
Array&lt;StringView&gt; parts = str.split(&quot;,&quot;);
check(parts.numItems() == 1);
check(parts[0] == &quot;&quot;);
}
// Separator at ends
{
String str = &quot;,apple,banana,&quot;;
Array&lt;StringView&gt; parts = str.split(&quot;,&quot;);
check(parts.numItems() == 2);
check(parts[0] == &quot;apple&quot;);
check(parts[1] == &quot;banana&quot;);
}
}
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-42-443Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-42-443Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:42.443Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:42.443Z">2026-02-25T12:44:42.443Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: b5aa70
Wall time: 0.0509 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 1924
Output:
}
TEST_CASE(&quot;String match identifier&quot;) {
String str = &quot;(hello)&quot;;
StringView identifier;
check(str.match(&quot;&#x27;(%i&#x27;)$&quot;, &amp;identifier));
check(identifier == &quot;hello&quot;);
}
TEST_CASE(&quot;String match integer&quot;) {
StringView str = &quot;count: 42&quot;;
s32 value = 0;
check(str.match(&quot;count: %d&quot;, &amp;value));
check(value == 42);
}
TEST_CASE(&quot;String match negative integer&quot;) {
StringView str = &quot;offset=-123&quot;;
s32 value = 0;
check(str.match(&quot;offset=%d&quot;, &amp;value));
check(value == -123);
}
TEST_CASE(&quot;String match float&quot;) {
StringView str = &quot;pi=3.14159&quot;;
double value = 0;
check(str.match(&quot;pi=%f&quot;, &amp;value));
check(value &gt; 3.14 &amp;&amp; value &lt; 3.15);
}
TEST_CASE(&quot;String match quoted string&quot;) {
StringView str = &quot;name=\&quot;hello world\&quot;&quot;;
String value;
check(str.match(&quot;name=%q&quot;, &amp;value));
check(value == &quot;hello world&quot;);
}
TEST_CASE(&quot;String match whitespace&quot;) {
StringView str = &quot;hello world&quot;;
check(str.match(&quot;hello *world&quot;));
}
TEST_CASE(&quot;String match whitespace with tab&quot;) {
StringView str = &quot;hello\tworld&quot;;
check(str.match(&quot;hello world&quot;));
}
TEST_CASE(&quot;String match optional whitespace&quot;) {
StringView str1 = &quot;hello world&quot;;
StringView str2 = &quot;helloworld&quot;;
check(str1.match(&quot;hello ?world&quot;));
check(str2.match(&quot;hello ?world&quot;));
}
TEST_CASE(&quot;String match escape character&quot;) {
StringView str = &quot;%test%&quot;;
StringView id;
check(str.match(&quot;&#x27;%%i&#x27;%&quot;, &amp;id));
check(id == &quot;test&quot;);
}
TEST_CASE(&quot;String match group alternation&quot;) {
StringView str1 = &quot;color: red&quot;;
StringView str2 = &quot;color: blue&quot;;
StringView str3 = &quot;color: green&quot;;
check(str1.match(&quot;color: (red|blue|green)&quot;));
check(str2.match(&quot;color: (red|blue|green)&quot;));
check(str3.match(&quot;color: (red|blue|green)&quot;));
}
TEST_CASE(&quot;String match group alternation fail&quot;) {
StringView str = &quot;color: yellow&quot;;
check(!str.match(&quot;color: (red|blue|green)&quot;));
}
TEST_CASE(&quot;String match zero or more&quot;) {
StringView str1 = &quot;ab&quot;;
StringView str2 = &quot;aab&quot;;
StringView str3 = &quot;aaab&quot;;
check(str1.match(&quot;a*b&quot;));
check(str2.match(&quot;a*b&quot;));
check(str3.match(&quot;a*b&quot;));
}
TEST_CASE(&quot;String match zero or more empty&quot;) {
StringView str = &quot;b&quot;;
check(str.match(&quot;a*b&quot;));
}
TEST_CASE(&quot;String match optional character&quot;) {
StringView str1 = &quot;color&quot;;
StringView str2 = &quot;colour&quot;;
check(str1.match(&quot;colou?r&quot;));
check(str2.match(&quot;colou?r&quot;));
}
TEST_CASE(&quot;String match group zero or more&quot;) {
StringView str1 = &quot;start end&quot;;
StringView str2 = &quot;start foo end&quot;;
StringView str3 = &quot;start foo foo foo end&quot;;
check(str1.match(&quot;start (foo )*end&quot;));
check(str2.match(&quot;start (foo )*end&quot;));
check(str3.match(&quot;start (foo )*end&quot;));
}
TEST_CASE(&quot;String match nested groups&quot;) {
check(StringView{&quot;&quot;}.match(&quot;((apple|banana)(, *)?)*$&quot;));
check(StringView{&quot;apple&quot;}.match(&quot;((apple|banana)(, *)?)*$&quot;));
check(StringView{&quot;banana&quot;}.match(&quot;((apple|banana)(, *)?)*$&quot;));
check(StringView{&quot;apple, banana&quot;}.match(&quot;((apple|banana)(, *)?)*$&quot;));
check(StringView{&quot;apple,banana&quot;}.match(&quot;((apple|banana)(, *)?)*$&quot;));
check(StringView{&quot;banana, apple, banana&quot;}.match(&quot;((apple|banana)(, *)?)*$&quot;));
check(!StringView{&quot;orange&quot;}.match(&quot;((apple|banana)(, *)?)*$&quot;));
}
TEST_CASE(&quot;String match end anchor&quot;) {
StringView str = &quot;hello&quot;;
check(str.match(&quot;hello$&quot;));
check(!str.match(&quot;hell$&quot;));
}
TEST_CASE(&quot;String match multiple captures&quot;) {
StringView str = &quot;point(10, 20)&quot;;
s32 x = 0, y = 0;
check(str.match(&quot;point&#x27;(%d, %d&#x27;)&quot;, &amp;x, &amp;y));
check(x == 10);
check(y == 20);
}
TEST_CASE(&quot;String match optional format specifier&quot;) {
s32 value = -1;
check(StringView{&quot;item&quot;}.match(&quot;item%d?$&quot;, &amp;value));
check(value == -1); // Unchanged since no number present
check(StringView{&quot;item42&quot;}.match(&quot;item%d?$&quot;, &amp;value));
check(value == 42);
check(!StringView{&quot;item42extra&quot;}.match(&quot;item%d?$&quot;, &amp;value));
}
TEST_CASE(&quot;String match optional group with format specifier&quot;) {
s32 num = -1;
String text;
// Test optional group with alternation containing format specifiers
check(StringView{&quot;start end&quot;}.match(&quot;start (num=%d|text=%q)? ?end$&quot;, &amp;num, &amp;text));
check(num == -1); // Unchanged
check(text.isEmpty());
num = -1;
check(StringView{&quot;start num=42 end&quot;}.match(&quot;start (num=%d|text=%q)? ?end$&quot;, &amp;num, &amp;text));
check(num == 42);
num = -1;
text = {};
check(StringView{&quot;start text=\&quot;hello\&quot; end&quot;}.match(&quot;start (num=%d|text=%q)? ?end$&quot;, &amp;num, &amp;text));
check(text == &quot;hello&quot;);
}
TEST_CASE(&quot;String match literal characters&quot;) {
StringView str = &quot;abc123xyz&quot;;
check(str.match(&quot;abc123xyz&quot;));
check(!str.match(&quot;abc456xyz&quot;));
}
// ▄▄▄▄
// ██ ██ ▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄
// ██▀▀██ ██ ▀▀ ██ ▀▀ ▄▄▄██ ██ ██
// ██ ██ ██ ██ ▀█▄▄██ ▀█▄▄██
// ▄▄▄█▀
#undef TEST_CASE_PREFIX
#define TEST_CASE_PREFIX Array_
//--------------------------------
// Constructors
//--------------------------------
TEST_CASE(&quot;Array default constructor&quot;) {
Array&lt;u32&gt; a;
check(a == ArrayView&lt;const u32&gt;{});
}
TEST_CASE(&quot;Array construct from braced initializer list&quot;) {
Array&lt;u32&gt; a = {4, 5, 6};
check(a == ArrayView&lt;const u32&gt;{4, 5, 6});
}
TEST_CASE(&quot;Array copy constructor&quot;) {
Array&lt;u32&gt; a = {4, 5, 6};
Array&lt;u32&gt; b = a;
check(a == ArrayView&lt;const u32&gt;{4, 5, 6});
check(b == ArrayView&lt;const u32&gt;{4, 5, 6});
}
TEST_CASE(&quot;Array copy constructor&quot;) {
Array&lt;u32&gt; a = {4, 5, 6};
Array&lt;u32&gt; b = a;
check(a == ArrayView&lt;const u32&gt;{4, 5, 6});
check(b == ArrayView&lt;const u32&gt;{4, 5, 6});
}
TEST_CASE(&quot;Array move constructor&quot;) {
Array&lt;u32&gt; a = {4, 5, 6};
Array&lt;u32&gt; b = std::move(a);
check(a == ArrayView&lt;const u32&gt;{});
check(b == ArrayView&lt;const u32&gt;{4, 5, 6});
}
TEST_CASE(&quot;Copy construct Array&lt;String&gt;&quot;) {
Array&lt;String&gt; a = {&quot;hello&quot;, &quot;there&quot;};
Array&lt;String&gt; b = a;
check(a == ArrayView&lt;const StringView&gt;{&quot;hello&quot;, &quot;there&quot;});
check(b == ArrayView&lt;const StringView&gt;{&quot;hello&quot;, &quot;there&quot;});
}
TEST_CASE(&quot;Array construct from FixedArray&quot;) {
FixedArray&lt;String, 2&gt; a = {&quot;hello&quot;, &quot;there&quot;};
Array&lt;String&gt; b = a;
check(a == ArrayView&lt;const StringView&gt;{&quot;hello&quot;, &quot;there&quot;});
check(b == ArrayView&lt;const StringView&gt;{&quot;hello&quot;, &quot;there&quot;});
}
TEST_CASE(&quot;Move construct Array&lt;String&gt;&quot;) {
Array&lt;String&gt; a = {&quot;hello&quot;, &quot;there&quot;};
Array&lt;String&gt; b = std::move(a);
check(a.isEmpty());
check(b == ArrayView&lt;const StringView&gt;{&quot;hello&quot;, &quot;there&quot;});
}
//--------------------------------
// Assignment Operators
//--------------------------------
TEST_CASE(&quot;Array assign from braced initializer list&quot;) {
Array&lt;u32&gt; a;
a = {4, 5, 6};
check(a == ArrayView&lt;const u32&gt;{4, 5, 6});
}
TEST_CASE(&quot;Array copy assignment&quot;) {
Array&lt;u32&gt; a = {4, 5, 6};
Array&lt;u32&gt; b;
b = a;
check(a == ArrayView&lt;const u32&gt;{4, 5, 6});
check(b == ArrayView&lt;const u32&gt;{4, 5, 6});
}
TEST_CASE(&quot;Array move assignment&quot;) {
Array&lt;u32&gt; a = {4, 5, 6};
Array&lt;u32&gt; b = a;
b = std::move(a);
check(a == ArrayView&lt;const u32&gt;{});
check(b == ArrayView&lt;const u32&gt;{4, 5, 6});
}
TEST_CASE(&quot;Array assign, no move semantics&quot;) {
Array&lt;String&gt; a = {&quot;hello&quot;, &quot;there&quot;};
Array&lt;String&gt; b;
b = a;
check(a == ArrayView&lt;const StringView&gt;{&quot;hello&quot;, &quot;there&quot;});
check(b == ArrayView&lt;const StringView&gt;{&quot;hello&quot;, &quot;there&quot;});
}
TEST_CASE(&quot;Array assign from FixedArray&quot;) {
FixedArray&lt;String, 2&gt; a = {&quot;hello&quot;, &quot;there&quot;};
Array&lt;String&gt; b;
b = a;
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-46-667Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-46-667Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:46.667Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:46.667Z">2026-02-25T12:44:46.667Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Planning heap-related test additions</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-46-667Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-46-667Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:46.667Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:46.667Z">2026-02-25T12:44:46.667Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Planning heap-related test additions</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-46-668Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-46-668Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:46.668Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:46.668Z">2026-02-25T12:44:46.668Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_3pQblWlvyApyqV5HtfDAoZgg"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;ls -la apps/fragmentation-test &amp;&amp; sed -n &#39;1,260p&#39; apps/fragmentation-test/main.cpp&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-46-668Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-46-668Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:46.668Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:46.668Z">2026-02-25T12:44:46.668Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_3RqsPK75Uhwj9YzuUJo9S4gj"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;cat apps/fragmentation-test/CMakeLists.txt&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-46-670Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-46-670Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:46.670Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:46.670Z">2026-02-25T12:44:46.670Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_nHUE6iaQgIlBf71k82O4LvQy"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;cat apps/base-tests/CMakeLists.txt&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-46-760Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-46-760Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:46.760Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:46.760Z">2026-02-25T12:44:46.760Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: f9b46a
Wall time: 0.0505 seconds
Process exited with code 2
Original token count: 139
Output:
total 36
drwxrwxr-x 7 jeff jeff 4096 Feb 25 07:41 .
drwxrwxr-x 9 jeff jeff 4096 Feb 23 18:29 ..
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jeff jeff 1000 Feb 25 07:41 CMakeLists.txt
drwxrwxr-x 3 jeff jeff 4096 Feb 24 21:09 build
drwxrwxr-x 3 jeff jeff 4096 Feb 25 02:28 build-new
drwxrwxr-x 3 jeff jeff 4096 Feb 24 16:27 build-newalloc
drwxrwxr-x 3 jeff jeff 4096 Feb 25 02:28 build-old
drwxrwxr-x 3 jeff jeff 4096 Feb 24 16:27 build-oldalloc
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jeff jeff 2537 Feb 24 19:24 fragmentation-test.cpp
sed: can&#x27;t read apps/fragmentation-test/main.cpp: No such file or directory
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-46-760Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-46-760Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:46.760Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:46.760Z">2026-02-25T12:44:46.760Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 12feef
Wall time: 0.0512 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 250
Output:
#=========================================================
# ____
# ╱ ╱╲ Plywood C++ Base Library
# ╱___╱╭╮╲ https://plywood.dev/
# └──┴┴┴┘
#=========================================================
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.10)
set(CMAKE_CONFIGURATION_TYPES &quot;Debug;Release;Final&quot; CACHE INTERNAL &quot;Build configs&quot;)
project(fragmentation-test)
include(../../src/common.cmake)
# plywood
add_source_files(PLYWOOD_SOURCES &quot;${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/../../src&quot; dlmalloc.c ply-base.*)
if(WIN32)
add_source_files(PLYWOOD_SOURCES &quot;${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/../../src&quot; *.natvis)
endif()
add_library(plywood ${PLYWOOD_SOURCES})
target_include_directories(plywood PUBLIC &quot;${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/../../src&quot;)
# fragmentation-test
add_source_files(HEAP_STRESS_TEST_SOURCES &quot;${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}&quot; fragmentation-test.cpp)
add_executable(fragmentation-test ${HEAP_STRESS_TEST_SOURCES})
target_link_libraries(fragmentation-test PRIVATE plywood)
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-46-760Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-46-760Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:46.760Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:46.760Z">2026-02-25T12:44:46.760Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 5a66e7
Wall time: 0.0511 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 278
Output:
#=========================================================
# ____
# ╱ ╱╲ Plywood C++ Base Library
# ╱___╱╭╮╲ https://plywood.dev/
# └──┴┴┴┘
#=========================================================
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.10)
set(CMAKE_CONFIGURATION_TYPES &quot;Debug;Release;Final&quot; CACHE INTERNAL &quot;Build configs&quot;)
project(base-tests)
include(../../src/common.cmake)
# plywood
add_source_files(PLYWOOD_SOURCES &quot;${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/../../src&quot; dlmalloc.c ply-base.* ply-btree.h ply-math.*)
if(WIN32)
add_source_files(PLYWOOD_SOURCES &quot;${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/../../src&quot; *.natvis)
endif()
add_library(plywood ${PLYWOOD_SOURCES})
target_include_directories(plywood PUBLIC &quot;${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/../../src&quot;)
# test-suite
add_source_files(BASE_LIBRARY_TEST_SOURCES &quot;${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}&quot; test-*.cpp)
add_executable(base-tests ${BASE_LIBRARY_TEST_SOURCES})
target_link_libraries(base-tests PRIVATE plywood)
target_compile_definitions(base-tests PRIVATE BASE_LIBRARY_TESTS_PATH=&quot;${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}&quot; BUILD_DIR=&quot;${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}&quot;)
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-48-719Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-48-719Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:48.719Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:48.719Z">2026-02-25T12:44:48.719Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Inspecting test source structure</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-48-719Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-48-719Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:48.719Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:48.719Z">2026-02-25T12:44:48.719Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Inspecting test source structure</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-48-721Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-48-721Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:48.721Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:48.721Z">2026-02-25T12:44:48.721Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_s7onzwXtVBDMT4pHb6c8XbKX"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;sed -n &#39;1,260p&#39; apps/fragmentation-test/fragmentation-test.cpp&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-48-811Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-48-811Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:48.811Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:48.811Z">2026-02-25T12:44:48.811Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 630dd6
Wall time: 0.0507 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 635
Output:
/*========================================================
____
╱ ╱╲ Plywood C++ Base Library
╱___╱╭╮╲ https://plywood.dev/
└──┴┴┴┘
========================================================*/
#include &lt;ply-base.h&gt;
using namespace ply;
// Configuration
static constexpr bool AllowLargeAllocs = true;
static constexpr u32 LargeBlockMin = 100000;
static constexpr u32 LargeBlockMax = 400000;
// Internal state
struct Allocation {
void* addr = nullptr;
u32 numBytes = 0;
};
Random random{0};
Array&lt;Allocation&gt; allBlocks;
u32 logCounter = 0;
u32 totalAllocatedBytes = 0;
// Helper functions
u32 getRandomAllocationSize(bool allowLarge) {
if (allowLarge &amp;&amp; ((random.generateU32() % 10) == 0)) {
return (random.generateU32() % (LargeBlockMax - LargeBlockMin)) + LargeBlockMin;
}
if ((random.generateU32() % 4) == 0) {
return (random.generateU32() % 15000) + 5000;
}
return (random.generateU32() % 500) + 10;
}
void logStatus() {
uptr totalSystemMemoryUsed = Heap::getStats().totalSystemMemoryUsed;
getStdOut().format(&quot;{}, {}, {}\n&quot;, logCounter, totalAllocatedBytes, totalSystemMemoryUsed);
logCounter++;
}
void addRandomBlock(bool allowLarge) {
u32 numBytes = getRandomAllocationSize(allowLarge);
allBlocks.append({Heap::alloc(numBytes), numBytes});
totalAllocatedBytes += numBytes;
logStatus();
}
void freeRandomBlock() {
if (allBlocks.numItems() &gt; 0) {
u32 i = random.generateU32() % allBlocks.numItems();
Heap::free(allBlocks[i].addr);
totalAllocatedBytes -= allBlocks[i].numBytes;
allBlocks.eraseQuick(i);
logStatus();
}
}
// Main
int main(int argc, const char* argv[]) {
Array&lt;u32&gt; TargetKB = {400, 100, 2000, 400, 5000, 2000, 10000, 8000, 10000, 400, 2000, 0};
for (u32 i = 0; i &lt; TargetKB.numItems(); i++) {
u32 targetAllocatedBytes = TargetKB[i] * 1000;
if (totalAllocatedBytes &lt; targetAllocatedBytes) {
// Grow irregularly
while (totalAllocatedBytes &lt; targetAllocatedBytes) {
addRandomBlock(AllowLargeAllocs);
freeRandomBlock();
addRandomBlock(AllowLargeAllocs);
}
} else {
// Shrink irregularly
while (totalAllocatedBytes &gt; targetAllocatedBytes) {
freeRandomBlock();
addRandomBlock(false);
freeRandomBlock();
}
}
}
return 0;
}
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-58-799Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-58-799Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:58.799Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:58.799Z">2026-02-25T12:44:58.799Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Planning compile-time macro switching</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-58-799Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-58-799Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:58.799Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:58.799Z">2026-02-25T12:44:58.799Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Planning compile-time macro switching</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-58-815Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-58-815Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:58.815Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:58.815Z">2026-02-25T12:44:58.815Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_St8YsnfB7V88Vqc84S1zpiaL"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;sed -n &#39;1,260p&#39; apps/base-tests/test-suite.h &amp;&amp; sed -n &#39;1,260p&#39; apps/base-tests/test-suite.cpp&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-44-58-906Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-44-58-906Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:44:58.906Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:44:58.906Z">2026-02-25T12:44:58.906Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: cf295d
Wall time: 0.0512 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 650
Output:
/*========================================================
____
╱ ╱╲ Plywood C++ Base Library
╱___╱╭╮╲ https://plywood.dev/
└──┴┴┴┘
========================================================*/
#include &lt;ply-base.h&gt;
using namespace ply;
struct RegisterTest {
RegisterTest(StringView name, void (*func)());
};
#define TEST_CASE(name) \
void PLY_CAT(PLY_CAT(test_, TEST_CASE_PREFIX), __LINE__)(); \
void (*PLY_CAT(PLY_CAT(testlink_, TEST_CASE_PREFIX), __LINE__))() = \
&amp;PLY_CAT(PLY_CAT(test_, TEST_CASE_PREFIX), __LINE__); \
RegisterTest PLY_CAT(PLY_CAT(autoReg_, TEST_CASE_PREFIX), \
__LINE__){name, PLY_CAT(PLY_CAT(test_, TEST_CASE_PREFIX), __LINE__)}; \
void PLY_CAT(PLY_CAT(test_, TEST_CASE_PREFIX), __LINE__)()
bool check(bool);
/*========================================================
____
╱ ╱╲ Plywood C++ Base Library
╱___╱╭╮╲ https://plywood.dev/
└──┴┴┴┘
========================================================*/
#include &quot;test-suite.h&quot;
struct Case {
StringView name;
void (*func)();
};
Array&lt;Case&gt;&amp; getTestCases() {
static Array&lt;Case&gt; cases;
return cases;
}
RegisterTest::RegisterTest(StringView name, void (*func)()) {
getTestCases().append({name, func});
}
struct TestState {
bool success = true;
};
TestState gTestState;
bool check(bool cond) {
if (!cond) {
gTestState.success = false;
}
return cond;
}
int main() {
u32 numPassed = 0;
const auto&amp; testCases = getTestCases();
Stream out = getStdOut();
for (u32 i = 0; i &lt; testCases.numItems(); i++) {
out.format(&quot;[{}/{}] {}... &quot;, (i + 1), testCases.numItems(), testCases[i].name);
gTestState.success = true;
// Check for memory leaks while running the test case.
Heap::Stats beginStats = Heap::getStats();
testCases[i].func();
Heap::Stats endStats = Heap::getStats();
if (beginStats.totalBytesConsumed != endStats.totalBytesConsumed) {
gTestState.success = false;
}
out.write(gTestState.success ? &quot;success\n&quot; : &quot;***FAIL***\n&quot;);
if (gTestState.success) {
numPassed++;
}
out.flush();
}
float frac = 1.f;
if (testCases.numItems() &gt; 0) {
frac = (float) numPassed / testCases.numItems();
}
out.format(&quot;{}/{} test cases passed ({}%)\n&quot;, numPassed, testCases.numItems(), frac * 100.f);
return (numPassed == testCases.numItems()) ? 0 : 1;
}
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-45-01-092Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-45-01-092Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:45:01.092Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:45:01.092Z">2026-02-25T12:45:01.092Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Reviewing test validation approach</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-45-01-092Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-45-01-092Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:45:01.092Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:45:01.092Z">2026-02-25T12:45:01.092Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Reviewing test validation approach</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-45-01-120Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-45-01-120Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:45:01.120Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:45:01.120Z">2026-02-25T12:45:01.120Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_eG1S9H26qONybSM7k8JW4CbB"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;cat src/common.cmake&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-45-01-206Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-45-01-206Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:45:01.206Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:45:01.206Z">2026-02-25T12:45:01.206Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: fb9abb
Wall time: 0.0510 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 959
Output:
#=========================================================
# ____
# ╱ ╱╲ Plywood C++ Base Library
# ╱___╱╭╮╲ https://plywood.dev/
# └──┴┴┴┘
#=========================================================
set_property(GLOBAL PROPERTY USE_FOLDERS ON)
if(NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE)
set(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE Debug CACHE STRING &quot;&quot; FORCE)
endif()
set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS &quot;&quot;)
set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS &quot;&quot;)
set(CMAKE_STATIC_LINKER_FLAGS &quot;&quot;)
set(CMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS &quot;&quot;)
set(CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS &quot;&quot;)
foreach(config_name ${CMAKE_CONFIGURATION_TYPES})
string(TOUPPER ${config_name} suffix)
set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS_${suffix} &quot;&quot;)
set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_${suffix} &quot;&quot;)
set(CMAKE_STATIC_LINKER_FLAGS_${suffix} &quot;&quot;)
set(CMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS_${suffix} &quot;&quot;)
set(CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS_${suffix} &quot;&quot;)
endforeach()
if(MSVC)
set(CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS_DEBUG &quot;/DEBUG /INCREMENTAL /EDITANDCONTINUE /LTCG:OFF /SAFESEH:NO&quot;)
set(CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS_RELEASE &quot;/DEBUG /INCREMENTAL:NO&quot;)
set(CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS_FINAL &quot;/DEBUG /INCREMENTAL:NO&quot;)
set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS_DEBUG &quot;/D_DEBUG /DPLY_WITH_ASSERTS=1 /MTd /ZI /Od /Ob0 /RTC1&quot;)
set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELEASE &quot;/DNDEBUG /DPLY_WITH_ASSERTS=1 /MT /Zi /O2 /Ob1 /Oi&quot;)
set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS_FINAL &quot;/DNDEBUG /MT /Zi /O2 /Ob1 /Oi&quot;)
else()
set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS &quot;-g -Wall -fno-stack-protector -pthread&quot;)
set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS &quot;${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -Wno-invalid-offsetof --std=c++14&quot;)
set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS_DEBUG &quot;-DPLY_WITH_ASSERTS=1 -D_DEBUG&quot;)
set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELEASE &quot;-DPLY_WITH_ASSERTS=1 -Os&quot;)
set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS_FINAL &quot;-Os&quot;)
endif()
set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG &quot;${CMAKE_C_FLAGS_DEBUG}&quot;)
set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE &quot;${CMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELEASE}&quot;)
set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_FINAL &quot;${CMAKE_C_FLAGS_FINAL}&quot;)
if(IOS)
if(DEFINED PLY_XCODE_DEVELOPMENT_TEAM)
set(CMAKE_XCODE_ATTRIBUTE_DEVELOPMENT_TEAM &quot;${PLY_XCODE_DEVELOPMENT_TEAM}&quot; CACHE STRING &quot;Xcode Development Team&quot; FORCE)
elseif(DEFINED ENV{PLY_XCODE_DEVELOPMENT_TEAM})
set(CMAKE_XCODE_ATTRIBUTE_DEVELOPMENT_TEAM &quot;$ENV{PLY_XCODE_DEVELOPMENT_TEAM}&quot; CACHE STRING &quot;Xcode Development Team&quot;)
elseif(NOT DEFINED CMAKE_XCODE_ATTRIBUTE_DEVELOPMENT_TEAM)
message(SEND_ERROR &quot;PLY_XCODE_DEVELOPMENT_TEAM must be specified on the command line or in an environment variable&quot;)
endif()
elseif(APPLE)
set(CMAKE_OSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET &quot;14.6&quot;)
endif()
function(add_source_files var_name root_path)
set(root_ide_folder &quot;&quot;)
set(directive &quot;&quot;)
set(glob_type GLOB)
foreach(arg ${ARGN})
if(directive STREQUAL &quot;IDE_FOLDER&quot;)
set(root_ide_folder &quot;${arg}&quot;)
set(directive &quot;&quot;)
elseif(arg STREQUAL &quot;IDE_FOLDER&quot;)
set(directive &quot;${arg}&quot;)
elseif(arg STREQUAL &quot;RECURSIVE&quot;)
set(glob_type GLOB_RECURSE)
else()
list(APPEND glob_patterns &quot;${arg}&quot;)
endif()
endforeach()
if(directive STREQUAL &quot;IDE_FOLDER&quot;)
message(FATAL_ERROR &quot;Expected argument after \&quot;${directive}\&quot;&quot;)
endif()
foreach(glob ${glob_patterns})
file(${glob_type} file_list RELATIVE &quot;${root_path}&quot; &quot;${root_path}/${glob}&quot;)
if(NOT file_list)
message(WARNING &quot;No files matching \&quot;${root_path}/${glob}\&quot;&quot;)
endif()
foreach(rel_file ${file_list})
# Exclude files that start with .
if(NOT rel_file MATCHES &quot;^\\..*&quot;)
list(APPEND ${var_name} &quot;${root_path}/${rel_file}&quot;)
get_filename_component(folder &quot;${rel_file}&quot; PATH)
string(REPLACE / \\ ide_folder &quot;${root_ide_folder}/${folder}&quot;)
source_group(&quot;${ide_folder}&quot; FILES &quot;${root_path}/${rel_file}&quot;)
endif()
endforeach()
endforeach()
set(${var_name} &quot;${${var_name}}&quot; PARENT_SCOPE)
endfunction()
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-45-03-858Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-45-03-858Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:45:03.858Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:45:03.858Z">2026-02-25T12:45:03.858Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Inspecting allocator alignment uses</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-45-03-859Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-45-03-859Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:45:03.859Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:45:03.859Z">2026-02-25T12:45:03.859Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Inspecting allocator alignment uses</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-45-03-999Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-45-03-999Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:45:03.999Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:45:03.999Z">2026-02-25T12:45:03.999Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_Wx3DWQTiYcI00R1NI5NpGPX7"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;rg -n \&#34;allocAligned\\(\&#34; -S src apps | head -n 50&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-45-04-096Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-45-04-096Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:45:04.096Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:45:04.096Z">2026-02-25T12:45:04.096Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 8f40af
Wall time: 0.0515 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 40
Output:
src/ply-base.cpp:609:void* Heap::allocAligned(uptr numBytes, u32 alignment) {
src/ply-base.h:1435: static void* allocAligned(uptr numBytes, u32 alignment);
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-47-53-251Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-47-53-251Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:47:53.251Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:47:53.251Z">2026-02-25T12:47:53.251Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Designing robust allocator structure</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-47-53-251Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-47-53-251Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:47:53.251Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:47:53.251Z">2026-02-25T12:47:53.251Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Designing robust allocator structure</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-47-53-877Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-47-53-877Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:47:53.877Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:47:53.877Z">2026-02-25T12:47:53.877Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_FkprOZBiQ9Pc8QgTicLxPC5d"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;rg -n \&#34;countLeading|clz|highestBit|floorLog2|bitScan\&#34; src/ply-base.h src/ply-base.cpp -S&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-47-53-971Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-47-53-971Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:47:53.971Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:47:53.971Z">2026-02-25T12:47:53.971Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 65438f
Wall time: 0.0510 seconds
Process exited with code 1
Original token count: 0
Output:
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-54-21-849Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-54-21-849Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:54:21.849Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:54:21.849Z">2026-02-25T12:54:21.849Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Designing chunk and segment layout</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-54-21-849Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-54-21-849Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:54:21.849Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:54:21.849Z">2026-02-25T12:54:21.849Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Defining global heap state and segment management</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-54-21-849Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-54-21-849Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:54:21.849Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:54:21.849Z">2026-02-25T12:54:21.849Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Implementing allocation, free, and realloc with flag and segment handling</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-54-21-850Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-54-21-850Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:54:21.850Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:54:21.850Z">2026-02-25T12:54:21.850Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Detailing free and aligned alloc with coalescing and stats updates</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-54-21-850Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-54-21-850Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:54:21.850Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:54:21.850Z">2026-02-25T12:54:21.850Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Designing free and validation helpers with detailed bin/tree integrity checks</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-54-21-850Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-54-21-850Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:54:21.850Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:54:21.850Z">2026-02-25T12:54:21.850Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Designing chunk and segment layout</strong></p>
<p><strong>Defining global heap state and segment management</strong></p>
<p><strong>Implementing allocation, free, and realloc with flag and segment handling</strong></p>
<p><strong>Detailing free and aligned alloc with coalescing and stats updates</strong></p>
<p><strong>Designing free and validation helpers with detailed bin/tree integrity checks</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-54-21-906Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-54-21-906Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:54:21.906Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:54:21.906Z">2026-02-25T12:54:21.906Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_75yLhF8IZX7E18XJdCQs4hPP"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;rg -n \&#34;validate|check|heap_stats|inspect|mallinfo|dlmalloc\&#34; src/dlmalloc.c -S | head -n 120&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-54-22-003Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-54-22-003Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:54:22.003Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:54:22.003Z">2026-02-25T12:54:22.003Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 5a07ee
Wall time: 0.0515 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 1669
Output:
5: This is a version (aka dlmalloc) of malloc/free/realloc written by
13: Check before installing!
54: and status information, and additional cross-check word
79: is only one aspect of security -- these checks do not, and
83: carries an additional check word to verify that it was malloced
84: from its space. These check words are the same within each
88: could corrupt heap memory, in addition to the checks preventing
166: All operations (except malloc_stats and mallinfo) have execution
216: conformance is only weakly checked, so usage errors are not always
235: one VirtualAlloc()ed region. Because dlmalloc uses a small (64Kb)
244:DLMALLOC_EXPORT default: extern
247: #define DLMALLOC_EXPORT extern __declspec(dllexport)
249: #define DLMALLOC_EXPORT extern __attribute__((visibility(&quot;default&quot;)))
291: If true, provide extra checking and dispatching by placing
296: If true, omit checks for usage errors and heap space overwrites.
303:MALLOC_INSPECT_ALL default: NOT defined
304: If defined, compiles malloc_inspect_all and mspace_inspect_all, that
310: Defines how to abort on failed checks. On most systems, a failed
311: check cannot die with an &quot;assert&quot; or even print an informative
316: addresses etc) rather than malloc-triggered checks, so will also
335: using runtime checks. The assertions in the check routines spell
337: algorithms. The checking is fairly extensive, and will slow down
338: execution noticeably. Calling malloc_stats or mallinfo with DEBUG
339: set will attempt to check every non-mmapped allocated and free chunk
424:NO_MALLINFO default: 0
425: If defined, don&#x27;t compile &quot;mallinfo&quot;. This can be a simple way
429:MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE default: size_t
430: The type of the fields in the mallinfo struct. This was originally
512:MAX_RELEASE_CHECK_RATE default: 4095 unless not HAVE_MMAP
513: The number of consolidated frees between checks to release
515: especially with multiple mspaces, checking only for topmost space
517: free() will, with a period of MAX_RELEASE_CHECK_RATE (or the
521: between slowing down frees with relatively costly checks that
528:#ifndef DLMALLOC_VERSION
529:#define DLMALLOC_VERSION 20806
530:#endif /* DLMALLOC_VERSION */
532:#ifndef DLMALLOC_EXPORT
533:#define DLMALLOC_EXPORT extern
640:#ifndef MALLOC_INSPECT_ALL
641:#define MALLOC_INSPECT_ALL 0
642:#endif /* MALLOC_INSPECT_ALL */
696:#ifndef MAX_RELEASE_CHECK_RATE
698:#define MAX_RELEASE_CHECK_RATE 4095
700:#define MAX_RELEASE_CHECK_RATE MAX_SIZE_T
702:#endif /* MAX_RELEASE_CHECK_RATE */
709:#ifndef NO_MALLINFO
710:#define NO_MALLINFO 0
711:#endif /* NO_MALLINFO */
712:#ifndef MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE
713:#define MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE size_t
714:#endif /* MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE */
733:/* ------------------------ Mallinfo declarations ------------------------ */
735:#if !NO_MALLINFO
737: This version of malloc supports the standard SVID/XPG mallinfo
740: /usr/include/malloc.h defining struct mallinfo. The main
741: declaration needed is the mallinfo struct that is returned (by-copy)
742: by mallinfo(). The malloinfo struct contains a bunch of fields that
744: are instead filled by mallinfo() with other numbers that might be of
749: mallinfo. If so, it is included; else a compliant version is
750: declared below. These must be precisely the same for mallinfo() to
752: systems with mallinfo, declares all fields as ints. But some others
763:#ifndef STRUCT_MALLINFO_DECLARED
764:/* HP-UX (and others?) redefines mallinfo unless _STRUCT_MALLINFO is defined */
765:#define _STRUCT_MALLINFO
766:#define STRUCT_MALLINFO_DECLARED 1
767:struct mallinfo {
768: MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE arena; /* non-mmapped space allocated from system */
769: MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE ordblks; /* number of free chunks */
770: MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE smblks; /* always 0 */
771: MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE hblks; /* always 0 */
772: MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE hblkhd; /* space in mmapped regions */
773: MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE usmblks; /* maximum total allocated space */
774: MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE fsmblks; /* always 0 */
775: MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE uordblks; /* total allocated space */
776: MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE fordblks; /* total free space */
777: MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE keepcost; /* releasable (via malloc_trim) space */
779:#endif /* STRUCT_MALLINFO_DECLARED */
781:#endif /* NO_MALLINFO */
822:#define dlmalloc malloc
829:#define dlmallinfo mallinfo
831:#define dlmalloc_trim malloc_trim
832:#define dlmalloc_stats malloc_stats
833:#define dlmalloc_usable_size malloc_usable_size
834:#define dlmalloc_footprint malloc_footprint
835:#define dlmalloc_max_footprint malloc_max_footprint
836:#define dlmalloc_footprint_limit malloc_footprint_limit
837:#define dlmalloc_set_footprint_limit malloc_set_footprint_limit
838:#define dlmalloc_inspect_all malloc_inspect_all
858:DLMALLOC_EXPORT void* dlmalloc(size_t);
867:DLMALLOC_EXPORT void dlfree(void*);
874:DLMALLOC_EXPORT void* dlcalloc(size_t, size_t);
898:DLMALLOC_EXPORT void* dlrealloc(void*, size_t);
913:DLMALLOC_EXPORT void* dlrealloc_in_place(void*, size_t);
927:DLMALLOC_EXPORT void* dlmemalign(size_t, size_t);
937:DLMALLOC_EXPORT int dlposix_memalign(void**, size_t, size_t);
944:DLMALLOC_EXPORT void* dlvalloc(size_t);
968:DLMALLOC_EXPORT int dlmallopt(int, int);
974: value. Unlike mallinfo, this function returns only a precomputed
979:DLMALLOC_EXPORT size_t dlmalloc_footprint(void);
986: by malloc, realloc etc., is less than this value. Unlike mallinfo,
992:DLMALLOC_EXPORT size_t dlmalloc_max_footprint(void);
1003:DLMALLOC_EXPORT size_t dlmalloc_footprint_limit();
1012: disables checks. If the argument is less than or equal to the
1017:DLMALLOC_EXPORT size_t dlmalloc_set_footprint_limit(size_t bytes);
1019:#if MALLOC_INSPECT_ALL
1021: malloc_inspect_all(void(*handler)(void *start,
1044: malloc_inspect_all(count_chunks, NULL);
1046: malloc_inspect_all is compiled only if MALLOC_INSPECT_ALL is defined.
1048:DLMALLOC_EXPORT void dlmalloc_inspect_all(void(*handler)(void*, void *, size_t, void*),
1051:#endif /* MALLOC_INSPECT_ALL */
1053:#if !NO_MALLINFO
1055: mallinfo()
1076:DLMALLOC_EXPORT struct mallinfo dlmallinfo(void);
1077:#endif /* NO_MALLINFO */
1128:DLMALLOC_EXPORT void** dlindependent_calloc(size_t, size_t, void**);
1186:DLMALLOC_EXPORT void** dlindependent_comalloc(size_t, size_t*, void**);
1197:DLMALLOC_EXPORT size_t dlbulk_free(void**, size_t n_elements);
1204:DLMALLOC_EXPORT void* dlpvalloc(size_t);
1227:DLMALLOC_EXPORT int dlmalloc_trim(size_t);
1246: More information can be obtained by calling mallinfo.
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-54-36-612Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-54-36-612Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:54:36.612Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:54:36.612Z">2026-02-25T12:54:36.612Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Planning comprehensive allocator tests</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-54-36-612Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-54-36-612Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:54:36.612Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:54:36.612Z">2026-02-25T12:54:36.612Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Planning comprehensive allocator tests</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-54-37-619Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-54-37-619Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:54:37.619Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:54:37.619Z">2026-02-25T12:54:37.619Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="assistant-text"><p>I have enough context to start implementing. I’m now replacing the <code>Heap</code> block in <code>src/ply-base.cpp</code> with a new <code>HeapImpl</code> under <code>#if PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR</code>, keeping the current dlmalloc path behind <code>#else</code>, then I’ll add tests/docs and run both configurations.</p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-54-37-913Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-54-37-913Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:54:37.913Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:54:37.913Z">2026-02-25T12:54:37.913Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_NN3j1PDnVNH1RNIQLUYyl3p0"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;nl -ba src/ply-base.cpp | sed -n &#39;545,700p&#39;&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-54-38-007Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-54-38-007Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:54:38.007Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:54:38.007Z">2026-02-25T12:54:38.007Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 161926
Wall time: 0.0518 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 1514
Output:
545 VirtualMemory::totalCommittedBytes.fetchAdd(numBytes, Relaxed);
546 }
547
548 void VirtualMemory::decommitPages(void* addr, uptr numBytes) {
549 PLY_ASSERT(isAlignedToPowerOf2((uptr) addr, VirtualMemory::getProperties().pageSize));
550 PLY_ASSERT(isAlignedToPowerOf2(numBytes, VirtualMemory::getProperties().pageSize));
551
552 int rc = madvise(addr, numBytes, MADV_DONTNEED);
553 PLY_ASSERT(rc == 0);
554 rc = mprotect(addr, numBytes, PROT_NONE);
555 PLY_ASSERT(rc == 0);
556 PLY_UNUSED(rc);
557 VirtualMemory::totalCommittedBytes.fetchSub(numBytes, Relaxed);
558 }
559
560 void* VirtualMemory::allocRegion(uptr numBytes) {
561 PLY_ASSERT(isAlignedToPowerOf2(numBytes, VirtualMemory::getProperties().regionAlignment));
562
563 void* addr = mmap(0, numBytes, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
564 if (addr == MAP_FAILED)
565 return nullptr;
566 VirtualMemory::totalReservedBytes.fetchAdd(numBytes, Relaxed);
567 VirtualMemory::totalCommittedBytes.fetchAdd(numBytes, Relaxed);
568 return addr;
569 }
570
571 void VirtualMemory::freeRegion(void* addr, uptr numBytes) {
572 VirtualMemory::unreserveRegion(addr, numBytes, numBytes);
573 }
574
575 #endif
576
577 // ▄▄ ▄▄
578 // ██ ██ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄
579 // ██▀▀██ ██▄▄██ ▄▄▄██ ██ ██
580 // ██ ██ ▀█▄▄▄ ▀█▄▄██ ██▄▄█▀
581 // ██
582
583 Functor&lt;void()&gt; Heap::outOfMemoryHandler;
584
585 void Heap::setOutOfMemoryHandler(Functor&lt;void()&gt; handler) {
586 outOfMemoryHandler = std::move(handler);
587 }
588
589 void* Heap::alloc(uptr numBytes) {
590 void* ptr = dlmalloc(numBytes);
591 if (!ptr &amp;&amp; outOfMemoryHandler) {
592 outOfMemoryHandler();
593 }
594 return ptr;
595 }
596
597 void* Heap::realloc(void* ptr, uptr numBytes) {
598 void* newPtr = dlrealloc(ptr, numBytes);
599 if (!newPtr &amp;&amp; outOfMemoryHandler) {
600 outOfMemoryHandler();
601 }
602 return newPtr;
603 }
604
605 void Heap::free(void* ptr) {
606 dlfree(ptr);
607 }
608
609 void* Heap::allocAligned(uptr numBytes, u32 alignment) {
610 void* ptr = dlmemalign(numBytes, alignment);
611 if (!ptr &amp;&amp; outOfMemoryHandler) {
612 outOfMemoryHandler();
613 }
614 return ptr;
615 }
616
617 Heap::Stats Heap::getStats() {
618 Heap::Stats stats;
619 static_assert(sizeof(DLMallocStats) == sizeof(Heap::Stats), &quot;DLMallocStats layout mismatch&quot;);
620 static_assert(alignof(DLMallocStats) == alignof(Heap::Stats), &quot;DLMallocStats alignment mismatch&quot;);
621 dlget_heap_stats((DLMallocStats*) &amp;stats);
622 return stats;
623 }
624
625 #if !defined(PLY_OVERRIDE_NEW)
626 #define PLY_OVERRIDE_NEW 1
627 #endif
628
629 #if PLY_OVERRIDE_NEW
630
631 } // namespace ply
632
633 //---------------------------------------------------------------------------
634 // Override operators new/delete
635 // C++ allows us to replace global operators new/delete with our own thanks to weak linking.
636 //---------------------------------------------------------------------------
637 void* operator new(std::size_t size) {
638 return ply::Heap::alloc(size);
639 }
640
641 void* operator new[](std::size_t size) {
642 return ply::Heap::alloc(size);
643 }
644
645 void operator delete(void* ptr) noexcept {
646 ply::Heap::free(ptr);
647 }
648
649 void operator delete[](void* ptr) noexcept {
650 ply::Heap::free(ptr);
651 }
652
653 void* operator new(std::size_t size, std::nothrow_t const&amp;) noexcept {
654 return ply::Heap::alloc(size);
655 }
656
657 void* operator new[](std::size_t size, std::nothrow_t const&amp;) noexcept {
658 return ply::Heap::alloc(size);
659 }
660
661 void operator delete(void* ptr, std::nothrow_t const&amp;) noexcept {
662 ply::Heap::free(ptr);
663 }
664
665 void operator delete[](void* ptr, std::nothrow_t const&amp;) noexcept {
666 ply::Heap::free(ptr);
667 }
668
669 namespace ply {
670
671 #endif // PLY_OVERRIDE_NEW
672
673 // ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄
674 // ██ ▀▀ ▄██▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄ ██ ██ ▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄
675 // ▀▀▀█▄ ██ ██ ▀▀ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██▄▄██ ██ ██ ██
676 // ▀█▄▄█▀ ▀█▄▄ ██ ██ ██ ██ ▀█▄▄██ ▀█▀ ██ ▀█▄▄▄ ██▀▀██
677 // ▄▄▄█▀
678
679 bool StringView::startsWith(StringView other) const {
680 if (other.numBytes_ &gt; this-&gt;numBytes_)
681 return false;
682 return memcmp(this-&gt;bytes_, other.bytes_, other.numBytes_) == 0;
683 }
684
685 bool StringView::endsWith(StringView other) const {
686 if (other.numBytes_ &gt; this-&gt;numBytes_)
687 return false;
688 return memcmp(this-&gt;bytes_ + this-&gt;numBytes_ - other.numBytes_, other.bytes_, other.numBytes_) == 0;
689 }
690
691 StringView StringView::trim(bool (*matchFunc)(char), bool left, bool right) const {
692 const char* start = this-&gt;bytes_;
693 const char* end = start + this-&gt;numBytes_;
694 if (left) {
695 while ((start &lt; end) &amp;&amp; matchFunc(*start)) {
696 start++;
697 }
698 }
699 if (right) {
700 while ((start &lt; end) &amp;&amp; matchFunc(end[-1])) {
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-54-40-477Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-54-40-477Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:54:40.477Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:54:40.477Z">2026-02-25T12:54:40.477Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Planning macro addition and validation</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-54-40-478Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-54-40-478Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:54:40.478Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:54:40.478Z">2026-02-25T12:54:40.478Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Planning macro addition and validation</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-54-40-985Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-54-40-985Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:54:40.985Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:54:40.985Z">2026-02-25T12:54:40.985Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="assistant-text"><p>I’m editing <code>src/ply-base.h</code> now to add the <code>PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR</code> default macro and declare <code>Heap::validate()</code> so both allocator codepaths compile against a stable API.</p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-54-43-019Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-54-43-019Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:54:43.019Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:54:43.019Z">2026-02-25T12:54:43.019Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_kOzGh8v8k5lKXg1iiTrWxujX"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> apply_patch</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;value&#34;: &#34;*** Begin Patch\n*** Update File: src/ply-base.h\n@@\n #define PLY_CALL_MEMBER(obj, pmf) ((obj).*(pmf))\n #define PLY_STATIC_ASSERT(cond) static_assert(cond, #cond)\n \n+#if !defined(PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR)\n+#define PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR 1\n+#endif\n+\n namespace ply {\n@@\n // Sets a callback that will be invoked whenever a heap allocation fails.\n static void setOutOfMemoryHandler(Functor&lt;void()&gt; handler);\n // Returns current heap allocation counters and system-memory usage totals.\n static Stats getStats();\n+ // Validates internal heap invariants in assert-enabled builds.\n+ static void validate();\n*** End Patch\n&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-54-43-053Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-54-43-053Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:54:43.053Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:54:43.053Z">2026-02-25T12:54:43.053Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>{&quot;output&quot;:&quot;Success. Updated the following files:\nM src/ply-base.h\n&quot;,&quot;metadata&quot;:{&quot;exit_code&quot;:0,&quot;duration_seconds&quot;:0.0}}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-57-54-815Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-57-54-815Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:57:54.815Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:57:54.815Z">2026-02-25T12:57:54.815Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Wrapping dlmalloc declarations conditionally</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-57-54-815Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-57-54-815Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:57:54.815Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:57:54.815Z">2026-02-25T12:57:54.815Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Wrapping dlmalloc declarations conditionally</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-57-55-443Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-57-55-443Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:57:55.443Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:57:55.443Z">2026-02-25T12:57:55.443Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="assistant-text"><p>Header changes are in. Next I’m patching <code>src/ply-base.cpp</code> to gate the existing dlmalloc externs behind <code>!PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR</code>, then I’ll insert the new <code>HeapImpl</code> block and keep current wrappers as the fallback path.</p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-57-58-368Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-57-58-368Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:57:58.368Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:57:58.368Z">2026-02-25T12:57:58.368Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_f2dJj0xBKubUevlGNGofjMaA"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> apply_patch</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;value&#34;: &#34;*** Begin Patch\n*** Update File: src/ply-base.cpp\n@@\n-extern \&#34;C\&#34; {\n+#if !PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR\n+extern \&#34;C\&#34; {\n void* dlmalloc(ply::uptr);\n void* dlrealloc(void*, ply::uptr);\n void dlfree(void*);\n void* dlmemalign(ply::uptr, ply::uptr);\n@@\n struct DLMallocStats {\n ply::uptr totalBytesConsumed;\n ply::uptr totalSystemMemoryUsed;\n };\n void dlget_heap_stats(DLMallocStats* stats);\n }\n+#endif\n*** End Patch\n&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-57-58-414Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-57-58-414Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:57:58.414Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:57:58.414Z">2026-02-25T12:57:58.414Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>{&quot;output&quot;:&quot;Success. Updated the following files:\nM src/ply-base.cpp\n&quot;,&quot;metadata&quot;:{&quot;exit_code&quot;:0,&quot;duration_seconds&quot;:0.0}}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-58-21-319Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-58-21-319Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:58:21.319Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:58:21.319Z">2026-02-25T12:58:21.319Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Designing new allocator class skeleton</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-58-21-319Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-58-21-319Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:58:21.319Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:58:21.319Z">2026-02-25T12:58:21.319Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Designing new allocator class skeleton</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-58-21-416Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-58-21-416Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:58:21.416Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:58:21.416Z">2026-02-25T12:58:21.416Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_J8ikRaIJs800NhRKpTgOKdt5"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;rg -n \&#34;alignPowerOf2|alignUpPowerOf2|isAlignedToPowerOf2\&#34; src/ply-base.h -S | head -n 40&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-58-21-509Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-58-21-509Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:58:21.509Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:58:21.509Z">2026-02-25T12:58:21.509Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 5689ae
Wall time: 0.0508 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 26
Output:
382:inline bool isAlignedToPowerOf2(u32 v, u32 a) {
386:inline bool isAlignedToPowerOf2(u64 v, u64 a) {
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-58-23-400Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-58-23-400Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:58:23.400Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:58:23.400Z">2026-02-25T12:58:23.400Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Inspecting numeric helper functions</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-58-23-400Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-58-23-400Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:58:23.400Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:58:23.400Z">2026-02-25T12:58:23.400Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Inspecting numeric helper functions</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-58-23-483Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-58-23-483Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:58:23.483Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:58:23.483Z">2026-02-25T12:58:23.483Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_1MCMzv1sLsKZw4glH9YkaJlA"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;sed -n &#39;320,430p&#39; src/ply-base.h&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T12-58-23-576Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T12-58-23-576Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T12:58:23.576Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T12:58:23.576Z">2026-02-25T12:58:23.576Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 4faf5c
Wall time: 0.0516 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 857
Output:
//--------------------------------------------
// Numeric functions
//--------------------------------------------
template &lt;typename Type&gt;
inline constexpr Type abs(Type val) {
return (val &gt;= 0) ? val : -val;
}
template &lt;typename T&gt;
inline constexpr T min(T val1, T val2) {
return (val1 &lt; val2) ? val1 : val2;
}
template &lt;typename T&gt;
inline constexpr T max(T val1, T val2) {
return (val1 &gt; val2) ? val1 : val2;
}
template &lt;typename Type&gt;
inline constexpr Type clamp(Type val, Type lo, Type hi) {
return (val &lt; lo) ? lo : (val &lt; hi) ? val : hi;
}
inline constexpr u16 reverseBytes(u16 val) {
return ((val &gt;&gt; 8) &amp; 0xff) | ((val &lt;&lt; 8) &amp; 0xff00);
}
inline constexpr u32 reverseBytes(u32 val) {
return ((val &gt;&gt; 24) &amp; 0xff) | ((val &gt;&gt; 8) &amp; 0xff00) | ((val &lt;&lt; 8) &amp; 0xff0000) | ((val &lt;&lt; 24) &amp; 0xff000000u);
}
inline constexpr u64 reverseBytes(u64 val) {
return ((u64) reverseBytes(u32(val)) &lt;&lt; 32) | reverseBytes(u32(val &gt;&gt; 32));
}
#if PLY_IS_BIG_ENDIAN
template &lt;typename Type&gt;
inline constexpr Type convertLittleEndian(Type val) {
return reverseBytes(val);
}
template &lt;typename Type&gt;
inline constexpr Type convertBigEndian(Type val) {
return val;
}
#else
template &lt;typename Type&gt;
inline constexpr Type convertLittleEndian(Type val) {
return val;
}
template &lt;typename Type&gt;
inline constexpr Type convertBigEndian(Type val) {
return reverseBytes(val);
}
#endif
inline u32 isPowerOf2(u32 val) {
return (val &amp; (val - 1)) == 0;
}
inline u64 isPowerOf2(u64 val) {
return (val &amp; (val - 1)) == 0;
}
inline u32 alignToPowerOf2(u32 v, u32 a) {
PLY_ASSERT(isPowerOf2(a));
return (v + a - 1) &amp; ~(a - 1);
}
inline u64 alignToPowerOf2(u64 v, u64 a) {
PLY_ASSERT(isPowerOf2(a));
return (v + a - 1) &amp; ~(a - 1);
}
inline bool isAlignedToPowerOf2(u32 v, u32 a) {
PLY_ASSERT(isPowerOf2(a));
return (v &amp; (a - 1)) == 0;
}
inline bool isAlignedToPowerOf2(u64 v, u64 a) {
PLY_ASSERT(isPowerOf2(a));
return (v &amp; (a - 1)) == 0;
}
inline constexpr u32 roundUpToNearestPowerOf2(u32 v) {
v--;
v |= v &gt;&gt; 1;
v |= v &gt;&gt; 2;
v |= v &gt;&gt; 4;
v |= v &gt;&gt; 8;
v |= v &gt;&gt; 16;
return v + 1;
}
inline constexpr u64 roundUpToNearestPowerOf2(u64 v) {
v--;
v |= v &gt;&gt; 1;
v |= v &gt;&gt; 2;
v |= v &gt;&gt; 4;
v |= v &gt;&gt; 8;
v |= v &gt;&gt; 16;
v |= v &gt;&gt; 32;
return v + 1;
}
template &lt;typename DstType, typename SrcType&gt;
constexpr bool isRepresentable(SrcType val) {
if (((SrcType) (DstType) val) != val)
return false;
return (val &gt; 0) == (((DstType) val) &gt; 0);
}
template &lt;typename DstType, typename SrcType&gt;
constexpr DstType numericCast(SrcType val) {
PLY_ASSERT(isRepresentable&lt;DstType&gt;(val));
return (DstType) val;
}
// ▄▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄
// ██ ▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ██ ▀▀ ██ ██ ▄▄▄▄ ▄██▄▄ ▄▄▄▄
// ██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██▄▄██ ▄█▀█▄▀▀ ██ ██ ▄▄▄██ ██ ██▄▄██
// ██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ▀█▄▄▄ ▀█▄▄▀█▄ ██▄▄█▀ ▀█▄▄██ ▀█▄▄ ▀█▄▄▄
//
//----------------------------------------------------
// Unix Timestamps and DateTime objects
//----------------------------------------------------
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-00-59-612Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-00-59-612Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:00:59.612Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:00:59.612Z">2026-02-25T13:00:59.612Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Designing heap chunk management</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-00-59-612Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-00-59-612Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:00:59.612Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:00:59.612Z">2026-02-25T13:00:59.612Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Refactoring allocation logic with validation and locking</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-00-59-612Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-00-59-612Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:00:59.612Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:00:59.612Z">2026-02-25T13:00:59.612Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Designing heap chunk management</strong></p>
<p><strong>Refactoring allocation logic with validation and locking</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-03-20-357Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-03-20-357Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:03:20.357Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:03:20.357Z">2026-02-25T13:03:20.357Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_vmGDcEr2LQb5DBswDwYubZqS"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> apply_patch</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;value&#34;: &#34;*** Begin Patch\n*** Update File: src/ply-base.cpp\n@@\n Functor&lt;void()&gt; Heap::outOfMemoryHandler;\n \n void Heap::setOutOfMemoryHandler(Functor&lt;void()&gt; handler) {\n outOfMemoryHandler = std::move(handler);\n }\n \n+#if PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR\n+\n+// Implements the bespoke heap allocator used by ply::Heap.\n+class HeapImpl {\n+private:\n+ //--------------------------------------------------------------------\n+ // 1. Constants\n+ //--------------------------------------------------------------------\n+\n+ // Small bins use 8-byte size classes for chunk sizes below 256 bytes.\n+ static constexpr u32 NumSmallBins = 32;\n+ // Tree bins store larger free chunks with size-ordered search trees.\n+ static constexpr u32 NumTreeBins = 32;\n+ // The width of each small-bin size class.\n+ static constexpr uptr SmallBinStep = 8;\n+ // The largest chunk size routed through small bins.\n+ static constexpr uptr SmallBinLimit = NumSmallBins * SmallBinStep;\n+ // All chunk payload addresses are aligned to 16 bytes.\n+ static constexpr uptr ChunkAlignment = 16;\n+ // Boundary-tag flag marking an allocated chunk.\n+ static constexpr uptr InUseBit = 1;\n+ // Boundary-tag flag marking that the previous chunk is allocated.\n+ static constexpr uptr PrevInUseBit = 2;\n+ // Boundary-tag flag marking a chunk directly mapped from the OS.\n+ static constexpr uptr DirectMappedBit = 4;\n+ // Mask of all boundary-tag flags.\n+ static constexpr uptr FlagMask = InUseBit | PrevInUseBit | DirectMappedBit;\n+ // Requests at or above this chunk size are mapped directly from the OS.\n+ static constexpr uptr DirectMapThreshold = 256 * 1024;\n+ // Default size used when provisioning a new virtual-memory segment.\n+ static constexpr uptr DefaultSegmentBytes = 1024 * 1024;\n+\n+ //--------------------------------------------------------------------\n+ // 2. Types\n+ //--------------------------------------------------------------------\n+\n+ // Header words common to regular chunks and fence-post sentinels.\n+ struct ChunkHeader {\n+ uptr prevFoot = 0;\n+ uptr head = 0;\n+ };\n+\n+ // A heap chunk with boundary tags and intrusive free-list/tree metadata.\n+ struct Chunk : ChunkHeader {\n+ union {\n+ struct {\n+ Chunk* smallPrev;\n+ Chunk* smallNext;\n+ };\n+ struct {\n+ Chunk* treeParent;\n+ Chunk* treeLeft;\n+ Chunk* treeRight;\n+ };\n+ };\n+\n+ // Returns the chunk size encoded in the boundary tag.\n+ uptr getSize() const {\n+ return this-&gt;head &amp; ~FlagMask;\n+ }\n+ // Returns true if the chunk is currently allocated.\n+ bool getInUse() const {\n+ return (this-&gt;head &amp; InUseBit) != 0;\n+ }\n+ // Returns true if the previous chunk is currently allocated.\n+ bool getPrevInUse() const {\n+ return (this-&gt;head &amp; PrevInUseBit) != 0;\n+ }\n+ // Returns true if the chunk came from direct virtual-memory mapping.\n+ bool getDirectMapped() const {\n+ return (this-&gt;head &amp; DirectMappedBit) != 0;\n+ }\n+ // Returns the user pointer associated with this chunk.\n+ void* memFromChunk() {\n+ return (void*) (((u8*) this) + sizeof(ChunkHeader));\n+ }\n+ // Returns the immutable user pointer associated with this chunk.\n+ const void* memFromChunk() const {\n+ return (const void*) (((const u8*) this) + sizeof(ChunkHeader));\n+ }\n+ // Converts a user pointer back to its owning chunk.\n+ static Chunk* chunkFromMem(void* mem) {\n+ return (Chunk*) (((u8*) mem) - sizeof(ChunkHeader));\n+ }\n+ // Returns the next chunk in memory.\n+ Chunk* nextChunk() {\n+ return (Chunk*) (((u8*) this) + this-&gt;getSize());\n+ }\n+ // Returns the next chunk header in memory.\n+ ChunkHeader* nextHeader() {\n+ return (ChunkHeader*) (((u8*) this) + this-&gt;getSize());\n+ }\n+ // Returns the previous chunk in memory. Caller must ensure prev is free.\n+ Chunk* prevChunk() {\n+ return (Chunk*) (((u8*) this) - this-&gt;prevFoot);\n+ }\n+ // Sets the full boundary tag for this chunk.\n+ void setSizeAndFlags(uptr size, bool inUse, bool prevInUse, bool directMapped = false) {\n+ this-&gt;head = size | (inUse ? InUseBit : 0) | (prevInUse ? PrevInUseBit : 0) |\n+ (directMapped ? DirectMappedBit : 0);\n+ }\n+ };\n+\n+ // Tracks a reserved/committed virtual-memory segment used for regular chunks.\n+ struct Segment {\n+ Segment* prev = nullptr;\n+ Segment* next = nullptr;\n+ uptr numBytes = 0;\n+ Chunk* firstChunk = nullptr;\n+ ChunkHeader* fence = nullptr;\n+ };\n+\n+ // Tracks a large direct-mapped chunk and its backing virtual-memory mapping.\n+ struct DirectChunk {\n+ DirectChunk* prev = nullptr;\n+ DirectChunk* next = nullptr;\n+ uptr mappingSize = 0;\n+ Chunk chunk;\n+ };\n+\n+ //--------------------------------------------------------------------\n+ // 3. Chunk headers\n+ //--------------------------------------------------------------------\n+\n+ // Returns the aligned minimum chunk size that can hold free-chunk metadata.\n+ static uptr minChunkSize() {\n+ return uptr(alignToPowerOf2((u64) sizeof(Chunk), (u64) ChunkAlignment));\n+ }\n+\n+ // Converts a chunk size request into an aligned chunk size including header.\n+ static uptr requestToChunkSize(uptr numBytes) {\n+ if (numBytes == 0) {\n+ numBytes = 1;\n+ }\n+ if (numBytes &gt; getMaxValue&lt;uptr&gt;() - sizeof(ChunkHeader) - ChunkAlignment) {\n+ return 0;\n+ }\n+ uptr chunkSize = numBytes + sizeof(ChunkHeader);\n+ chunkSize = uptr(alignToPowerOf2((u64) chunkSize, (u64) ChunkAlignment));\n+ if (chunkSize &lt; minChunkSize()) {\n+ chunkSize = minChunkSize();\n+ }\n+ return chunkSize;\n+ }\n+\n+ // Returns true when a chunk should be managed by small bins.\n+ static bool isSmallChunk(uptr chunkSize) {\n+ return chunkSize &lt; SmallBinLimit;\n+ }\n+\n+ // Returns the small-bin index for a given chunk size.\n+ static u32 smallBinIndex(uptr chunkSize) {\n+ PLY_ASSERT(chunkSize &lt; SmallBinLimit);\n+ return numericCast&lt;u32&gt;(chunkSize / SmallBinStep);\n+ }\n+\n+ // Returns floor(log2(value)) for non-zero inputs.\n+ static u32 floorLog2(uptr value) {\n+ PLY_ASSERT(value &gt; 0);\n+ u32 log2 = 0;\n+ while (value &gt;&gt;= 1) {\n+ log2++;\n+ }\n+ return log2;\n+ }\n+\n+ // Returns the tree-bin index for a chunk size of at least 256 bytes.\n+ static u32 treeBinIndex(uptr chunkSize) {\n+ PLY_ASSERT(chunkSize &gt;= SmallBinLimit);\n+ u32 lg = floorLog2(chunkSize);\n+ if (lg &lt;= 8) {\n+ return 0;\n+ }\n+ u32 idx = (lg - 8) * 2;\n+ idx += numericCast&lt;u32&gt;((chunkSize &gt;&gt; (lg - 1)) &amp; 1);\n+ if (idx &gt;= NumTreeBins) {\n+ idx = NumTreeBins - 1;\n+ }\n+ return idx;\n+ }\n+\n+ // Returns the first set-bit index of a non-zero bitmap.\n+ static u32 firstSetBit(u32 bits) {\n+ PLY_ASSERT(bits != 0);\n+ u32 idx = 0;\n+ while ((bits &amp; 1) == 0) {\n+ bits &gt;&gt;= 1;\n+ idx++;\n+ }\n+ return idx;\n+ }\n+\n+ // Writes boundary tags for a free chunk and updates its successor&#39;s back-link.\n+ static void writeFreeChunkHeader(Chunk* chunk, uptr chunkSize, bool prevInUse) {\n+ chunk-&gt;setSizeAndFlags(chunkSize, false, prevInUse, false);\n+ ChunkHeader* next = chunk-&gt;nextHeader();\n+ next-&gt;prevFoot = chunkSize;\n+ next-&gt;head &amp;= ~PrevInUseBit;\n+ }\n+\n+ // Writes boundary tags for an allocated chunk and updates successor state.\n+ static void writeInUseChunkHeader(Chunk* chunk, uptr chunkSize, bool prevInUse) {\n+ chunk-&gt;setSizeAndFlags(chunkSize, true, prevInUse, false);\n+ ChunkHeader* next = chunk-&gt;nextHeader();\n+ next-&gt;prevFoot = chunkSize;\n+ next-&gt;head |= PrevInUseBit;\n+ }\n+\n+ //--------------------------------------------------------------------\n+ // 4. Global heap state\n+ //--------------------------------------------------------------------\n+\n+ // Synchronizes all allocator state.\n+ Mutex mutex;\n+ // Lazily initializes VM settings and initial segment metadata.\n+ bool initialized = false;\n+ // Caches system page and region alignment details.\n+ VirtualMemory::Properties vmProps;\n+ // Head of the linked list of regular VM segments.\n+ Segment* segmentHead = nullptr;\n+ // Tail of the linked list of regular VM segments.\n+ Segment* segmentTail = nullptr;\n+ // Heads of small-bin free lists.\n+ Chunk* smallBins[NumSmallBins] = {};\n+ // Roots of size-ordered tree bins.\n+ Chunk* treeBins[NumTreeBins] = {};\n+ // Bitmask indicating non-empty small bins.\n+ u32 smallMap = 0;\n+ // Bitmask indicating non-empty tree bins.\n+ u32 treeMap = 0;\n+ // Designated-victim free chunk kept out of bins.\n+ Chunk* designatedVictim = nullptr;\n+ // Top/wilderness free chunk at the end of one segment.\n+ Chunk* top = nullptr;\n+ // Linked list of direct-mapped large chunks.\n+ DirectChunk* directHead = nullptr;\n+ // Cached allocator counters returned by Heap::getStats().\n+ Heap::Stats stats;\n+\n+ //--------------------------------------------------------------------\n+ // 5. Small bin functions\n+ //--------------------------------------------------------------------\n+\n+ // Inserts a free chunk into the appropriate small bin.\n+ void insertSmallChunk(Chunk* chunk) {\n+ PLY_ASSERT(isSmallChunk(chunk-&gt;getSize()));\n+ u32 idx = smallBinIndex(chunk-&gt;getSize());\n+ chunk-&gt;smallPrev = nullptr;\n+ chunk-&gt;smallNext = this-&gt;smallBins[idx];\n+ if (this-&gt;smallBins[idx]) {\n+ this-&gt;smallBins[idx]-&gt;smallPrev = chunk;\n+ }\n+ this-&gt;smallBins[idx] = chunk;\n+ this-&gt;smallMap |= (1u &lt;&lt; idx);\n+ }\n+\n+ // Removes a free chunk from its small-bin linked list.\n+ void unlinkSmallChunk(Chunk* chunk) {\n+ PLY_ASSERT(isSmallChunk(chunk-&gt;getSize()));\n+ u32 idx = smallBinIndex(chunk-&gt;getSize());\n+ if (chunk-&gt;smallPrev) {\n+ chunk-&gt;smallPrev-&gt;smallNext = chunk-&gt;smallNext;\n+ } else {\n+ PLY_ASSERT(this-&gt;smallBins[idx] == chunk);\n+ this-&gt;smallBins[idx] = chunk-&gt;smallNext;\n+ }\n+ if (chunk-&gt;smallNext) {\n+ chunk-&gt;smallNext-&gt;smallPrev = chunk-&gt;smallPrev;\n+ }\n+ if (!this-&gt;smallBins[idx]) {\n+ this-&gt;smallMap &amp;= ~(1u &lt;&lt; idx);\n+ }\n+ chunk-&gt;smallPrev = nullptr;\n+ chunk-&gt;smallNext = nullptr;\n+ }\n+\n+ //--------------------------------------------------------------------\n+ // 6. Tree bin functions\n+ //--------------------------------------------------------------------\n+\n+ // Inserts a free chunk into the appropriate tree bin.\n+ void insertTreeChunk(Chunk* chunk) {\n+ PLY_ASSERT(!isSmallChunk(chunk-&gt;getSize()));\n+ u32 idx = treeBinIndex(chunk-&gt;getSize());\n+ Chunk*&amp; root = this-&gt;treeBins[idx];\n+ chunk-&gt;treeParent = nullptr;\n+ chunk-&gt;treeLeft = nullptr;\n+ chunk-&gt;treeRight = nullptr;\n+ if (!root) {\n+ root = chunk;\n+ this-&gt;treeMap |= (1u &lt;&lt; idx);\n+ return;\n+ }\n+ Chunk* node = root;\n+ for (;;) {\n+ bool goLeft = (chunk-&gt;getSize() &lt; node-&gt;getSize()) ||\n+ ((chunk-&gt;getSize() == node-&gt;getSize()) &amp;&amp; (chunk &lt; node));\n+ Chunk*&amp; child = goLeft ? node-&gt;treeLeft : node-&gt;treeRight;\n+ if (!child) {\n+ child = chunk;\n+ chunk-&gt;treeParent = node;\n+ break;\n+ }\n+ node = child;\n+ }\n+ this-&gt;treeMap |= (1u &lt;&lt; idx);\n+ }\n+\n+ // Removes a free chunk from its tree bin.\n+ void unlinkTreeChunk(Chunk* chunk) {\n+ PLY_ASSERT(!isSmallChunk(chunk-&gt;getSize()));\n+ u32 idx = treeBinIndex(chunk-&gt;getSize());\n+ Chunk*&amp; root = this-&gt;treeBins[idx];\n+ Chunk* replacement = nullptr;\n+ if (!chunk-&gt;treeLeft) {\n+ replacement = chunk-&gt;treeRight;\n+ } else if (!chunk-&gt;treeRight) {\n+ replacement = chunk-&gt;treeLeft;\n+ } else {\n+ Chunk* successor = chunk-&gt;treeRight;\n+ while (successor-&gt;treeLeft) {\n+ successor = successor-&gt;treeLeft;\n+ }\n+ if (successor-&gt;treeParent != chunk) {\n+ Chunk* successorRight = successor-&gt;treeRight;\n+ successor-&gt;treeParent-&gt;treeLeft = successorRight;\n+ if (successorRight) {\n+ successorRight-&gt;treeParent = successor-&gt;treeParent;\n+ }\n+ successor-&gt;treeRight = chunk-&gt;treeRight;\n+ successor-&gt;treeRight-&gt;treeParent = successor;\n+ }\n+ successor-&gt;treeLeft = chunk-&gt;treeLeft;\n+ successor-&gt;treeLeft-&gt;treeParent = successor;\n+ replacement = successor;\n+ }\n+\n+ if (replacement) {\n+ replacement-&gt;treeParent = chunk-&gt;treeParent;\n+ }\n+ if (!chunk-&gt;treeParent) {\n+ root = replacement;\n+ } else if (chunk-&gt;treeParent-&gt;treeLeft == chunk) {\n+ chunk-&gt;treeParent-&gt;treeLeft = replacement;\n+ } else {\n+ chunk-&gt;treeParent-&gt;treeRight = replacement;\n+ }\n+ chunk-&gt;treeParent = nullptr;\n+ chunk-&gt;treeLeft = nullptr;\n+ chunk-&gt;treeRight = nullptr;\n+ if (!root) {\n+ this-&gt;treeMap &amp;= ~(1u &lt;&lt; idx);\n+ }\n+ }\n+\n+ // Removes a free chunk from whichever bin structure currently owns it.\n+ void unlinkBinnedChunk(Chunk* chunk) {\n+ if (isSmallChunk(chunk-&gt;getSize())) {\n+ unlinkSmallChunk(chunk);\n+ } else {\n+ unlinkTreeChunk(chunk);\n+ }\n+ }\n+\n+ // Inserts a free chunk into the appropriate small or tree bin.\n+ void insertBinnedChunk(Chunk* chunk) {\n+ if (isSmallChunk(chunk-&gt;getSize())) {\n+ insertSmallChunk(chunk);\n+ } else {\n+ insertTreeChunk(chunk);\n+ }\n+ }\n+\n+ // Returns the best-fit free chunk from tree bins for a minimum chunk size.\n+ Chunk* findBestTreeChunk(uptr chunkSize) {\n+ Chunk* best = nullptr;\n+ uptr bestSize = getMaxValue&lt;uptr&gt;();\n+ u32 startBin = treeBinIndex(chunkSize);\n+ for (u32 i = startBin; i &lt; NumTreeBins; i++) {\n+ Chunk* node = this-&gt;treeBins[i];\n+ if (!node) {\n+ continue;\n+ }\n+ Chunk* candidate = nullptr;\n+ while (node) {\n+ if (node-&gt;getSize() &gt;= chunkSize) {\n+ candidate = node;\n+ node = node-&gt;treeLeft;\n+ } else {\n+ node = node-&gt;treeRight;\n+ }\n+ }\n+ if (candidate &amp;&amp; (candidate-&gt;getSize() &lt; bestSize ||\n+ (candidate-&gt;getSize() == bestSize &amp;&amp; candidate &lt; best))) {\n+ best = candidate;\n+ bestSize = candidate-&gt;getSize();\n+ if (bestSize == chunkSize) {\n+ break;\n+ }\n+ }\n+ }\n+ return best;\n+ }\n+\n+ //--------------------------------------------------------------------\n+ // 7. Virtual memory segment management\n+ //--------------------------------------------------------------------\n+\n+ // Initializes VM configuration and allocator bookkeeping.\n+ void ensureInitialized() {\n+ if (this-&gt;initialized) {\n+ return;\n+ }\n+ this-&gt;vmProps = VirtualMemory::getProperties();\n+ this-&gt;initialized = true;\n+ }\n+\n+ // Returns the segment that owns a regular chunk pointer.\n+ Segment* findSegmentForChunk(const Chunk* chunk) const {\n+ const u8* ptr = (const u8*) chunk;\n+ for (Segment* seg = this-&gt;segmentHead; seg; seg = seg-&gt;next) {\n+ const u8* begin = (const u8*) seg;\n+ const u8* end = begin + seg-&gt;numBytes;\n+ if (ptr &gt;= begin &amp;&amp; ptr &lt; end) {\n+ return seg;\n+ }\n+ }\n+ return nullptr;\n+ }\n+\n+ // Provisions a new VM segment and installs its free space as the top chunk.\n+ bool addSegment(uptr minimumTopBytes) {\n+ uptr neededBytes = sizeof(Segment) + minimumTopBytes + sizeof(ChunkHeader) + ChunkAlignment;\n+ uptr regionBytes = max(DefaultSegmentBytes, neededBytes);\n+ regionBytes = uptr(alignToPowerOf2((u64) regionBytes, (u64) this-&gt;vmProps.regionAlignment));\n+ void* region = VirtualMemory::allocRegion(regionBytes);\n+ if (!region) {\n+ return false;\n+ }\n+\n+ Segment* segment = (Segment*) region;\n+ segment-&gt;prev = this-&gt;segmentTail;\n+ segment-&gt;next = nullptr;\n+ segment-&gt;numBytes = regionBytes;\n+ if (this-&gt;segmentTail) {\n+ this-&gt;segmentTail-&gt;next = segment;\n+ } else {\n+ this-&gt;segmentHead = segment;\n+ }\n+ this-&gt;segmentTail = segment;\n+\n+ u8* chunkStart = (u8*) region + sizeof(Segment);\n+ chunkStart = (u8*) (uptr(alignToPowerOf2((u64) (uptr) chunkStart, (u64) ChunkAlignment)));\n+ ChunkHeader* fence = (ChunkHeader*) (((u8*) region) + regionBytes - sizeof(ChunkHeader));\n+ uptr topBytes = uptr((u8*) fence - chunkStart);\n+ if (topBytes &lt; minChunkSize()) {\n+ if (segment-&gt;prev) {\n+ segment-&gt;prev-&gt;next = nullptr;\n+ } else {\n+ this-&gt;segmentHead = nullptr;\n+ }\n+ this-&gt;segmentTail = segment-&gt;prev;\n+ VirtualMemory::freeRegion(region, regionBytes);\n+ return false;\n+ }\n+\n+ Chunk* newTop = (Chunk*) chunkStart;\n+ writeFreeChunkHeader(newTop, topBytes, true);\n+ fence-&gt;head = InUseBit;\n+\n+ segment-&gt;firstChunk = newTop;\n+ segment-&gt;fence = fence;\n+\n+ if (this-&gt;top) {\n+ if (this-&gt;designatedVictim) {\n+ insertBinnedChunk(this-&gt;designatedVictim);\n+ }\n+ this-&gt;designatedVictim = this-&gt;top;\n+ }\n+ this-&gt;top = newTop;\n+ this-&gt;stats.totalSystemMemoryUsed += regionBytes;\n+ return true;\n+ }\n+\n+ // Releases a fully free segment back to the operating system.\n+ bool releaseSegmentIfCompletelyFree(Chunk* chunk) {\n+ Segment* segment = findSegmentForChunk(chunk);\n+ if (!segment) {\n+ return false;\n+ }\n+ if (chunk != segment-&gt;firstChunk) {\n+ return false;\n+ }\n+ if (chunk-&gt;nextHeader() != segment-&gt;fence) {\n+ return false;\n+ }\n+\n+ if (this-&gt;top == chunk) {\n+ this-&gt;top = nullptr;\n+ }\n+ if (this-&gt;designatedVictim == chunk) {\n+ this-&gt;designatedVictim = nullptr;\n+ }\n+\n+ if (segment-&gt;prev) {\n+ segment-&gt;prev-&gt;next = segment-&gt;next;\n+ } else {\n+ this-&gt;segmentHead = segment-&gt;next;\n+ }\n+ if (segment-&gt;next) {\n+ segment-&gt;next-&gt;prev = segment-&gt;prev;\n+ } else {\n+ this-&gt;segmentTail = segment-&gt;prev;\n+ }\n+\n+ this-&gt;stats.totalSystemMemoryUsed -= segment-&gt;numBytes;\n+ VirtualMemory::freeRegion(segment, segment-&gt;numBytes);\n+ return true;\n+ }\n+\n+ //--------------------------------------------------------------------\n+ // 8. Large chunk functions that use the system&#39;s virtual memory API directly\n+ //--------------------------------------------------------------------\n+\n+ // Converts an in-use direct-mapped chunk pointer to its direct-map header.\n+ static DirectChunk* directFromChunk(Chunk* chunk) {\n+ return (DirectChunk*) (((u8*) chunk) - PLY_OFFSET_OF(DirectChunk, chunk));\n+ }\n+\n+ // Allocates a large chunk directly from the operating system.\n+ void* allocateDirectMappedChunk(uptr chunkSize) {\n+ uptr payloadBytes = chunkSize - sizeof(ChunkHeader);\n+ uptr mapBytes = sizeof(DirectChunk) + payloadBytes;\n+ mapBytes = uptr(alignToPowerOf2((u64) mapBytes, (u64) this-&gt;vmProps.regionAlignment));\n+ DirectChunk* direct = (DirectChunk*) VirtualMemory::allocRegion(mapBytes);\n+ if (!direct) {\n+ return nullptr;\n+ }\n+ direct-&gt;mappingSize = mapBytes;\n+ direct-&gt;prev = nullptr;\n+ direct-&gt;next = this-&gt;directHead;\n+ if (this-&gt;directHead) {\n+ this-&gt;directHead-&gt;prev = direct;\n+ }\n+ this-&gt;directHead = direct;\n+\n+ direct-&gt;chunk.setSizeAndFlags(chunkSize, true, true, true);\n+ this-&gt;stats.totalBytesConsumed += chunkSize;\n+ this-&gt;stats.totalSystemMemoryUsed += mapBytes;\n+ return direct-&gt;chunk.memFromChunk();\n+ }\n+\n+ // Frees a direct-mapped chunk and releases its virtual-memory mapping.\n+ void freeDirectMappedChunk(Chunk* chunk) {\n+ DirectChunk* direct = directFromChunk(chunk);\n+ if (direct-&gt;prev) {\n+ direct-&gt;prev-&gt;next = direct-&gt;next;\n+ } else {\n+ this-&gt;directHead = direct-&gt;next;\n+ }\n+ if (direct-&gt;next) {\n+ direct-&gt;next-&gt;prev = direct-&gt;prev;\n+ }\n+ this-&gt;stats.totalBytesConsumed -= chunk-&gt;getSize();\n+ this-&gt;stats.totalSystemMemoryUsed -= direct-&gt;mappingSize;\n+ VirtualMemory::freeRegion(direct, direct-&gt;mappingSize);\n+ }\n+\n+ //--------------------------------------------------------------------\n+ // 9. Internal allocation and free functions that wrap all of the above\n+ //--------------------------------------------------------------------\n+\n+ // Places a single free chunk in designated-victim storage.\n+ void storeDesignatedVictim(Chunk* chunk) {\n+ PLY_ASSERT(!chunk-&gt;getInUse());\n+ if (this-&gt;designatedVictim) {\n+ insertBinnedChunk(this-&gt;designatedVictim);\n+ }\n+ this-&gt;designatedVictim = chunk;\n+ }\n+\n+ // Splits a free chunk for allocation and routes any remainder to designated-victim storage.\n+ Chunk* useFreeChunk(Chunk* chunk, uptr neededSize) {\n+ uptr chunkBytes = chunk-&gt;getSize();\n+ bool prevInUse = chunk-&gt;getPrevInUse();\n+ uptr remainderBytes = chunkBytes - neededSize;\n+ if (remainderBytes &gt;= minChunkSize()) {\n+ Chunk* remainder = (Chunk*) (((u8*) chunk) + neededSize);\n+ writeFreeChunkHeader(remainder, remainderBytes, true);\n+ writeInUseChunkHeader(chunk, neededSize, prevInUse);\n+ storeDesignatedVictim(remainder);\n+ } else {\n+ writeInUseChunkHeader(chunk, chunkBytes, prevInUse);\n+ }\n+ this-&gt;stats.totalBytesConsumed += chunk-&gt;getSize();\n+ return chunk;\n+ }\n+\n+ // Attempts to satisfy an allocation from small bins.\n+ Chunk* takeSmallBinChunk(uptr neededSize) {\n+ if (!isSmallChunk(neededSize)) {\n+ return nullptr;\n+ }\n+ u32 idx = smallBinIndex(neededSize);\n+ u32 bits = this-&gt;smallMap &amp; (~0u &lt;&lt; idx);\n+ if (!bits) {\n+ return nullptr;\n+ }\n+ u32 chosen = firstSetBit(bits);\n+ Chunk* chunk = this-&gt;smallBins[chosen];\n+ unlinkSmallChunk(chunk);\n+ return useFreeChunk(chunk, neededSize);\n+ }\n+\n+ // Attempts to satisfy an allocation from the designated-victim chunk.\n+ Chunk* takeDesignatedVictimChunk(uptr neededSize) {\n+ if (!this-&gt;designatedVictim || (this-&gt;designatedVictim-&gt;getSize() &lt; neededSize)) {\n+ return nullptr;\n+ }\n+ Chunk* chunk = this-&gt;designatedVictim;\n+ this-&gt;designatedVictim = nullptr;\n+ return useFreeChunk(chunk, neededSize);\n+ }\n+\n+ // Attempts to satisfy an allocation from tree bins.\n+ Chunk* takeTreeBinChunk(uptr neededSize) {\n+ Chunk* chunk = findBestTreeChunk(neededSize);\n+ if (!chunk) {\n+ return nullptr;\n+ }\n+ unlinkTreeChunk(chunk);\n+ return useFreeChunk(chunk, neededSize);\n+ }\n+\n+ // Allocates from the wilderness chunk, provisioning a new segment if needed.\n+ Chunk* takeTopChunk(uptr neededSize) {\n+ while (!this-&gt;top || (this-&gt;top-&gt;getSize() &lt; neededSize)) {\n+ if (!addSegment(neededSize)) {\n+ return nullptr;\n+ }\n+ }\n+\n+ Chunk* chunk = this-&gt;top;\n+ uptr topBytes = chunk-&gt;getSize();\n+ bool prevInUse = chunk-&gt;getPrevInUse();\n+ uptr remainderBytes = topBytes - neededSize;\n+ if (remainderBytes &gt;= minChunkSize()) {\n+ Chunk* remainder = (Chunk*) (((u8*) chunk) + neededSize);\n+ writeFreeChunkHeader(remainder, remainderBytes, true);\n+ writeInUseChunkHeader(chunk, neededSize, prevInUse);\n+ this-&gt;top = remainder;\n+ } else {\n+ writeInUseChunkHeader(chunk, topBytes, prevInUse);\n+ this-&gt;top = nullptr;\n+ }\n+ this-&gt;stats.totalBytesConsumed += chunk-&gt;getSize();\n+ return chunk;\n+ }\n+\n+ // Coalesces and stores a free chunk after deallocation or shrink-split.\n+ void recycleFreeChunk(Chunk* chunk) {\n+ Chunk* base = chunk;\n+ uptr chunkBytes = chunk-&gt;getSize();\n+\n+ if (!base-&gt;getPrevInUse()) {\n+ Chunk* prev = base-&gt;prevChunk();\n+ if (prev == this-&gt;designatedVictim) {\n+ this-&gt;designatedVictim = nullptr;\n+ } else if (prev == this-&gt;top) {\n+ this-&gt;top = nullptr;\n+ } else {\n+ unlinkBinnedChunk(prev);\n+ }\n+ chunkBytes += prev-&gt;getSize();\n+ base = prev;\n+ }\n+\n+ ChunkHeader* nextHeader = (ChunkHeader*) (((u8*) base) + chunkBytes);\n+ if ((nextHeader-&gt;head &amp; InUseBit) == 0) {\n+ Chunk* next = (Chunk*) nextHeader;\n+ if (next == this-&gt;designatedVictim) {\n+ this-&gt;designatedVictim = nullptr;\n+ } else if (next == this-&gt;top) {\n+ this-&gt;top = nullptr;\n+ } else {\n+ unlinkBinnedChunk(next);\n+ }\n+ chunkBytes += next-&gt;getSize();\n+ }\n+\n+ writeFreeChunkHeader(base, chunkBytes, base-&gt;getPrevInUse());\n+\n+ if (releaseSegmentIfCompletelyFree(base)) {\n+ return;\n+ }\n+ if (this-&gt;top &amp;&amp; (base-&gt;nextHeader() == findSegmentForChunk(base)-&gt;fence) &amp;&amp; (this-&gt;top != base)) {\n+ storeDesignatedVictim(base);\n+ return;\n+ }\n+ if (!this-&gt;top &amp;&amp; (base-&gt;nextHeader() == findSegmentForChunk(base)-&gt;fence)) {\n+ this-&gt;top = base;\n+ return;\n+ }\n+ if (base == this-&gt;top) {\n+ return;\n+ }\n+ storeDesignatedVictim(base);\n+ }\n+\n+ // Allocates a chunk with default alignment from all allocator structures.\n+ void* allocLocked(uptr numBytes) {\n+ ensureInitialized();\n+ uptr neededSize = requestToChunkSize(numBytes);\n+ if (neededSize == 0) {\n+ return nullptr;\n+ }\n+ if (neededSize &gt;= DirectMapThreshold) {\n+ return allocateDirectMappedChunk(neededSize);\n+ }\n+\n+ Chunk* chunk = takeSmallBinChunk(neededSize);\n+ if (!chunk) {\n+ chunk = takeDesignatedVictimChunk(neededSize);\n+ }\n+ if (!chunk) {\n+ chunk = takeTreeBinChunk(neededSize);\n+ }\n+ if (!chunk) {\n+ chunk = takeTopChunk(neededSize);\n+ }\n+ return chunk ? chunk-&gt;memFromChunk() : nullptr;\n+ }\n+\n+ // Frees a chunk allocated from either segment storage or direct mapping.\n+ void freeLocked(void* ptr) {\n+ if (!ptr) {\n+ return;\n+ }\n+ Chunk* chunk = Chunk::chunkFromMem(ptr);\n+ if (chunk-&gt;getDirectMapped()) {\n+ freeDirectMappedChunk(chunk);\n+ return;\n+ }\n+ this-&gt;stats.totalBytesConsumed -= chunk-&gt;getSize();\n+ writeFreeChunkHeader(chunk, chunk-&gt;getSize(), chunk-&gt;getPrevInUse());\n+ recycleFreeChunk(chunk);\n+ }\n+\n+ // Reallocates a chunk while preserving existing contents.\n+ void* reallocLocked(void* ptr, uptr numBytes) {\n+ if (!ptr) {\n+ return allocLocked(numBytes);\n+ }\n+ if (numBytes == 0) {\n+ freeLocked(ptr);\n+ return nullptr;\n+ }\n+\n+ Chunk* chunk = Chunk::chunkFromMem(ptr);\n+ uptr neededSize = requestToChunkSize(numBytes);\n+ if (neededSize == 0) {\n+ return nullptr;\n+ }\n+\n+ if (chunk-&gt;getDirectMapped()) {\n+ uptr oldPayloadBytes = chunk-&gt;getSize() - sizeof(ChunkHeader);\n+ if (neededSize &lt;= chunk-&gt;getSize()) {\n+ uptr oldSize = chunk-&gt;getSize();\n+ chunk-&gt;setSizeAndFlags(neededSize, true, true, true);\n+ this-&gt;stats.totalBytesConsumed -= (oldSize - neededSize);\n+ return ptr;\n+ }\n+ void* newPtr = allocLocked(numBytes);\n+ if (!newPtr) {\n+ return nullptr;\n+ }\n+ memcpy(newPtr, ptr, min(oldPayloadBytes, numBytes));\n+ freeDirectMappedChunk(chunk);\n+ return newPtr;\n+ }\n+\n+ uptr oldSize = chunk-&gt;getSize();\n+ uptr oldPayloadBytes = oldSize - sizeof(ChunkHeader);\n+ if (neededSize &lt;= oldSize) {\n+ uptr remainderBytes = oldSize - neededSize;\n+ if (remainderBytes &gt;= minChunkSize()) {\n+ bool prevInUse = chunk-&gt;getPrevInUse();\n+ writeInUseChunkHeader(chunk, neededSize, prevInUse);\n+ Chunk* remainder = (Chunk*) (((u8*) chunk) + neededSize);\n+ writeFreeChunkHeader(remainder, remainderBytes, true);\n+ this-&gt;stats.totalBytesConsumed -= remainderBytes;\n+ recycleFreeChunk(remainder);\n+ }\n+ return ptr;\n+ }\n+\n+ ChunkHeader* nextHeader = chunk-&gt;nextHeader();\n+ if ((nextHeader-&gt;head &amp; InUseBit) == 0) {\n+ Chunk* next = (Chunk*) nextHeader;\n+ uptr combined = oldSize + next-&gt;getSize();\n+ if (combined &gt;= neededSize) {\n+ if (next == this-&gt;designatedVictim) {\n+ this-&gt;designatedVictim = nullptr;\n+ } else if (next == this-&gt;top) {\n+ this-&gt;top = nullptr;\n+ } else {\n+ unlinkBinnedChunk(next);\n+ }\n+\n+ uptr remainderBytes = combined - neededSize;\n+ bool prevInUse = chunk-&gt;getPrevInUse();\n+ if (remainderBytes &gt;= minChunkSize()) {\n+ writeInUseChunkHeader(chunk, neededSize, prevInUse);\n+ Chunk* remainder = (Chunk*) (((u8*) chunk) + neededSize);\n+ writeFreeChunkHeader(remainder, remainderBytes, true);\n+ recycleFreeChunk(remainder);\n+ this-&gt;stats.totalBytesConsumed += (neededSize - oldSize);\n+ } else {\n+ writeInUseChunkHeader(chunk, combined, prevInUse);\n+ this-&gt;stats.totalBytesConsumed += (combined - oldSize);\n+ }\n+ return ptr;\n+ }\n+ }\n+\n+ void* newPtr = allocLocked(numBytes);\n+ if (!newPtr) {\n+ return nullptr;\n+ }\n+ memcpy(newPtr, ptr, min(oldPayloadBytes, numBytes));\n+ freeLocked(ptr);\n+ return newPtr;\n+ }\n+\n+ // Allocates a chunk with explicit alignment by carving from a larger temporary allocation.\n+ void* allocAlignedLocked(uptr numBytes, u32 alignment) {\n+ ensureInitialized();\n+ if (alignment &lt; ChunkAlignment) {\n+ alignment = numericCast&lt;u32&gt;(ChunkAlignment);\n+ } else {\n+ PLY_ASSERT(isPowerOf2(alignment));\n+ }\n+ if (alignment == ChunkAlignment) {\n+ return allocLocked(numBytes);\n+ }\n+\n+ uptr neededSize = requestToChunkSize(numBytes);\n+ if (neededSize == 0) {\n+ return nullptr;\n+ }\n+ if (neededSize &gt; getMaxValue&lt;uptr&gt;() - alignment - minChunkSize()) {\n+ return nullptr;\n+ }\n+ uptr oversized = neededSize + alignment + minChunkSize();\n+ Chunk* raw = nullptr;\n+ void* rawMem = allocLocked(oversized - sizeof(ChunkHeader));\n+ if (!rawMem) {\n+ return nullptr;\n+ }\n+ raw = Chunk::chunkFromMem(rawMem);\n+ PLY_ASSERT(!raw-&gt;getDirectMapped());\n+\n+ uptr rawSize = raw-&gt;getSize();\n+ uptr alignedMemAddr = uptr(alignToPowerOf2((u64) uptr(raw-&gt;memFromChunk()), (u64) alignment));\n+ Chunk* alignedChunk = Chunk::chunkFromMem((void*) alignedMemAddr);\n+ uptr leadBytes = uptr((u8*) alignedChunk - (u8*) raw);\n+ if (leadBytes &lt; minChunkSize()) {\n+ alignedMemAddr += alignment;\n+ alignedChunk = Chunk::chunkFromMem((void*) alignedMemAddr);\n+ leadBytes = uptr((u8*) alignedChunk - (u8*) raw);\n+ }\n+\n+ uptr tailBytes = rawSize - leadBytes - neededSize;\n+ if (tailBytes &lt; minChunkSize()) {\n+ neededSize += tailBytes;\n+ tailBytes = 0;\n+ }\n+ PLY_ASSERT(leadBytes + neededSize + tailBytes == rawSize);\n+\n+ bool rawPrevInUse = raw-&gt;getPrevInUse();\n+ if (leadBytes &gt; 0) {\n+ writeFreeChunkHeader(raw, leadBytes, rawPrevInUse);\n+ this-&gt;stats.totalBytesConsumed -= leadBytes;\n+ recycleFreeChunk(raw);\n+ }\n+\n+ alignedChunk-&gt;prevFoot = leadBytes;\n+ writeInUseChunkHeader(alignedChunk, neededSize, leadBytes == 0 ? rawPrevInUse : false);\n+\n+ if (tailBytes &gt; 0) {\n+ Chunk* tail = (Chunk*) (((u8*) alignedChunk) + neededSize);\n+ writeFreeChunkHeader(tail, tailBytes, true);\n+ this-&gt;stats.totalBytesConsumed -= tailBytes;\n+ recycleFreeChunk(tail);\n+ }\n+\n+ return alignedChunk-&gt;memFromChunk();\n+ }\n+\n+ //--------------------------------------------------------------------\n+ // 10. Validation helpers\n+ //--------------------------------------------------------------------\n+\n+#if defined(PLY_WITH_ASSERTS)\n+ // Counts occurrences of a chunk pointer in all small bins.\n+ u32 countChunkInSmallBins(const Chunk* target) const {\n+ u32 count = 0;\n+ for (u32 i = 0; i &lt; NumSmallBins; i++) {\n+ for (Chunk* node = this-&gt;smallBins[i]; node; node = node-&gt;smallNext) {\n+ if (node == target) {\n+ count++;\n+ }\n+ }\n+ }\n+ return count;\n+ }\n+\n+ // Counts occurrences of a chunk pointer in a single tree.\n+ static u32 countChunkInTree(const Chunk* root, const Chunk* target) {\n+ if (!root) {\n+ return 0;\n+ }\n+ u32 count = (root == target) ? 1u : 0u;\n+ count += countChunkInTree(root-&gt;treeLeft, target);\n+ count += countChunkInTree(root-&gt;treeRight, target);\n+ return count;\n+ }\n+\n+ // Counts occurrences of a chunk pointer in all tree bins.\n+ u32 countChunkInTreeBins(const Chunk* target) const {\n+ u32 count = 0;\n+ for (u32 i = 0; i &lt; NumTreeBins; i++) {\n+ count += countChunkInTree(this-&gt;treeBins[i], target);\n+ }\n+ return count;\n+ }\n+\n+ // Validates ordering and parent links of one tree bin.\n+ static void validateTree(Chunk* node, Chunk* parent, uptr minSize, const Chunk* minPtr, uptr maxSize,\n+ const Chunk* maxPtr, u32 expectedBin, uptr* nodeCount) {\n+ if (!node) {\n+ return;\n+ }\n+ (*nodeCount)++;\n+ PLY_ASSERT(node-&gt;treeParent == parent);\n+ PLY_ASSERT(!node-&gt;getInUse());\n+ PLY_ASSERT(!isSmallChunk(node-&gt;getSize()));\n+ PLY_ASSERT(treeBinIndex(node-&gt;getSize()) == expectedBin);\n+\n+ bool aboveMin = (node-&gt;getSize() &gt; minSize) || ((node-&gt;getSize() == minSize) &amp;&amp; (node &gt; minPtr));\n+ bool belowMax = (node-&gt;getSize() &lt; maxSize) || ((node-&gt;getSize() == maxSize) &amp;&amp; (node &lt; maxPtr));\n+ PLY_ASSERT(aboveMin);\n+ PLY_ASSERT(belowMax);\n+\n+ validateTree(node-&gt;treeLeft, node, minSize, minPtr, node-&gt;getSize(), node, expectedBin, nodeCount);\n+ validateTree(node-&gt;treeRight, node, node-&gt;getSize(), node, maxSize, maxPtr, expectedBin, nodeCount);\n+ }\n+\n+ // Validates complete allocator consistency and counter integrity.\n+ void validateLocked() const {\n+ uptr recomputedAllocatedBytes = 0;\n+ uptr recomputedSystemBytes = 0;\n+ uptr freeChunksExpectedInBins = 0;\n+\n+ if (this-&gt;top) {\n+ PLY_ASSERT(!this-&gt;top-&gt;getInUse());\n+ PLY_ASSERT(!this-&gt;top-&gt;getDirectMapped());\n+ Segment* topSeg = this-&gt;findSegmentForChunk(this-&gt;top);\n+ PLY_ASSERT(topSeg != nullptr);\n+ PLY_ASSERT(this-&gt;top-&gt;nextHeader() == topSeg-&gt;fence);\n+ }\n+ if (this-&gt;designatedVictim) {\n+ PLY_ASSERT(!this-&gt;designatedVictim-&gt;getInUse());\n+ PLY_ASSERT(!this-&gt;designatedVictim-&gt;getDirectMapped());\n+ PLY_ASSERT(this-&gt;findSegmentForChunk(this-&gt;designatedVictim) != nullptr);\n+ }\n+ if (this-&gt;top &amp;&amp; this-&gt;designatedVictim) {\n+ PLY_ASSERT(this-&gt;top != this-&gt;designatedVictim);\n+ }\n+\n+ for (Segment* seg = this-&gt;segmentHead; seg; seg = seg-&gt;next) {\n+ recomputedSystemBytes += seg-&gt;numBytes;\n+ PLY_ASSERT(seg-&gt;firstChunk != nullptr);\n+ PLY_ASSERT(seg-&gt;fence != nullptr);\n+ Chunk* chunk = seg-&gt;firstChunk;\n+ while ((ChunkHeader*) chunk != seg-&gt;fence) {\n+ uptr chunkSize = chunk-&gt;getSize();\n+ PLY_ASSERT(chunkSize &gt;= minChunkSize());\n+ PLY_ASSERT(isAlignedToPowerOf2((u64) chunkSize, (u64) ChunkAlignment));\n+ PLY_ASSERT((chunk-&gt;head &amp; DirectMappedBit) == 0);\n+ ChunkHeader* next = chunk-&gt;nextHeader();\n+ PLY_ASSERT(next-&gt;prevFoot == chunkSize);\n+ PLY_ASSERT(((next-&gt;head &amp; PrevInUseBit) != 0) == chunk-&gt;getInUse());\n+\n+ if (chunk-&gt;getInUse()) {\n+ recomputedAllocatedBytes += chunkSize;\n+ } else {\n+ PLY_ASSERT((next-&gt;head &amp; InUseBit) != 0);\n+ u32 smallCount = countChunkInSmallBins(chunk);\n+ u32 treeCount = countChunkInTreeBins(chunk);\n+ if (chunk == this-&gt;top || chunk == this-&gt;designatedVictim) {\n+ PLY_ASSERT(smallCount == 0);\n+ PLY_ASSERT(treeCount == 0);\n+ } else if (isSmallChunk(chunkSize)) {\n+ PLY_ASSERT(smallCount == 1);\n+ PLY_ASSERT(treeCount == 0);\n+ freeChunksExpectedInBins++;\n+ } else {\n+ PLY_ASSERT(smallCount == 0);\n+ PLY_ASSERT(treeCount == 1);\n+ freeChunksExpectedInBins++;\n+ }\n+ }\n+ chunk = (Chunk*) next;\n+ }\n+ PLY_ASSERT((seg-&gt;fence-&gt;head &amp; InUseBit) != 0);\n+ }\n+\n+ uptr countedSmallNodes = 0;\n+ for (u32 i = 0; i &lt; NumSmallBins; i++) {\n+ bool hasNodes = (this-&gt;smallBins[i] != nullptr);\n+ PLY_ASSERT(((this-&gt;smallMap &gt;&gt; i) &amp; 1u) == (hasNodes ? 1u : 0u));\n+ Chunk* prev = nullptr;\n+ for (Chunk* node = this-&gt;smallBins[i]; node; node = node-&gt;smallNext) {\n+ countedSmallNodes++;\n+ PLY_ASSERT(!node-&gt;getInUse());\n+ PLY_ASSERT(isSmallChunk(node-&gt;getSize()));\n+ PLY_ASSERT(smallBinIndex(node-&gt;getSize()) == i);\n+ PLY_ASSERT(node-&gt;smallPrev == prev);\n+ PLY_ASSERT(node != this-&gt;top);\n+ PLY_ASSERT(node != this-&gt;designatedVictim);\n+ PLY_ASSERT(this-&gt;findSegmentForChunk(node) != nullptr);\n+ prev = node;\n+ }\n+ }\n+\n+ uptr countedTreeNodes = 0;\n+ for (u32 i = 0; i &lt; NumTreeBins; i++) {\n+ bool hasNodes = (this-&gt;treeBins[i] != nullptr);\n+ PLY_ASSERT(((this-&gt;treeMap &gt;&gt; i) &amp; 1u) == (hasNodes ? 1u : 0u));\n+ if (!this-&gt;treeBins[i]) {\n+ continue;\n+ }\n+ PLY_ASSERT(this-&gt;treeBins[i]-&gt;treeParent == nullptr);\n+ validateTree(this-&gt;treeBins[i], nullptr, 0, nullptr, getMaxValue&lt;uptr&gt;(), (const Chunk*) -1, i,\n+ &amp;countedTreeNodes);\n+ }\n+\n+ PLY_ASSERT(countedSmallNodes + countedTreeNodes == freeChunksExpectedInBins);\n+\n+ for (DirectChunk* direct = this-&gt;directHead; direct; direct = direct-&gt;next) {\n+ if (direct-&gt;next) {\n+ PLY_ASSERT(direct-&gt;next-&gt;prev == direct);\n+ }\n+ if (direct-&gt;prev) {\n+ PLY_ASSERT(direct-&gt;prev-&gt;next == direct);\n+ }\n+ PLY_ASSERT(direct-&gt;chunk.getInUse());\n+ PLY_ASSERT(direct-&gt;chunk.getDirectMapped());\n+ recomputedAllocatedBytes += direct-&gt;chunk.getSize();\n+ recomputedSystemBytes += direct-&gt;mappingSize;\n+ }\n+\n+ PLY_ASSERT(recomputedAllocatedBytes == this-&gt;stats.totalBytesConsumed);\n+ PLY_ASSERT(recomputedSystemBytes == this-&gt;stats.totalSystemMemoryUsed);\n+ }\n+#endif\n+\n+public:\n+ // Allocates memory from the heap under a lock.\n+ void* alloc(uptr numBytes) {\n+ LockGuard&lt;Mutex&gt; lock{this-&gt;mutex};\n+ return allocLocked(numBytes);\n+ }\n+\n+ // Reallocates memory from the heap under a lock.\n+ void* realloc(void* ptr, uptr numBytes) {\n+ LockGuard&lt;Mutex&gt; lock{this-&gt;mutex};\n+ return reallocLocked(ptr, numBytes);\n+ }\n+\n+ // Frees memory from the heap under a lock.\n+ void free(void* ptr) {\n+ LockGuard&lt;Mutex&gt; lock{this-&gt;mutex};\n+ freeLocked(ptr);\n+ }\n+\n+ // Allocates aligned memory from the heap under a lock.\n+ void* allocAligned(uptr numBytes, u32 alignment) {\n+ LockGuard&lt;Mutex&gt; lock{this-&gt;mutex};\n+ return allocAlignedLocked(numBytes, alignment);\n+ }\n+\n+ // Returns heap usage counters under a lock.\n+ Heap::Stats getStats() {\n+ LockGuard&lt;Mutex&gt; lock{this-&gt;mutex};\n+ ensureInitialized();\n+ return this-&gt;stats;\n+ }\n+\n+#if defined(PLY_WITH_ASSERTS)\n+ // Validates heap internal invariants under a lock.\n+ void validate() {\n+ LockGuard&lt;Mutex&gt; lock{this-&gt;mutex};\n+ ensureInitialized();\n+ validateLocked();\n+ }\n+#endif\n+};\n+\n+// Returns the singleton allocator implementation instance.\n+static HeapImpl&amp; getHeapImpl() {\n+ static HeapImpl impl;\n+ return impl;\n+}\n+\n+// Allocates memory from the selected allocator implementation.\n+void* Heap::alloc(uptr numBytes) {\n+ void* ptr = getHeapImpl().alloc(numBytes);\n+ if (!ptr &amp;&amp; outOfMemoryHandler) {\n+ outOfMemoryHandler();\n+ }\n+ return ptr;\n+}\n+\n+// Reallocates memory from the selected allocator implementation.\n+void* Heap::realloc(void* ptr, uptr numBytes) {\n+ void* newPtr = getHeapImpl().realloc(ptr, numBytes);\n+ if (!newPtr &amp;&amp; numBytes != 0 &amp;&amp; outOfMemoryHandler) {\n+ outOfMemoryHandler();\n+ }\n+ return newPtr;\n+}\n+\n+// Frees memory from the selected allocator implementation.\n+void Heap::free(void* ptr) {\n+ getHeapImpl().free(ptr);\n+}\n+\n+// Allocates aligned memory from the selected allocator implementation.\n+void* Heap::allocAligned(uptr numBytes, u32 alignment) {\n+ void* ptr = getHeapImpl().allocAligned(numBytes, alignment);\n+ if (!ptr &amp;&amp; outOfMemoryHandler) {\n+ outOfMemoryHandler();\n+ }\n+ return ptr;\n+}\n+\n+// Returns allocator statistics from the selected allocator implementation.\n+Heap::Stats Heap::getStats() {\n+ return getHeapImpl().getStats();\n+}\n+\n+// Validates allocator invariants when assertions are enabled.\n+void Heap::validate() {\n+#if defined(PLY_WITH_ASSERTS)\n+ getHeapImpl().validate();\n+#endif\n+}\n+\n+#else\n+\n void* Heap::alloc(uptr numBytes) {\n void* ptr = dlmalloc(numBytes);\n if (!ptr &amp;&amp; outOfMemoryHandler) {\n outOfMemoryHandler();\n@@\n Heap::Stats Heap::getStats() {\n Heap::Stats stats;\n static_assert(sizeof(DLMallocStats) == sizeof(Heap::Stats), \&#34;DLMallocStats layout mismatch\&#34;);\n static_assert(alignof(DLMallocStats) == alignof(Heap::Stats), \&#34;DLMallocStats alignment mismatch\&#34;);\n dlget_heap_stats((DLMallocStats*) &amp;stats);\n return stats;\n }\n \n+void Heap::validate() {\n+#if defined(PLY_WITH_ASSERTS)\n+ // Validation is only implemented by the bespoke allocator.\n+#endif\n+}\n+\n+#endif\n+\n #if !defined(PLY_OVERRIDE_NEW)\n #define PLY_OVERRIDE_NEW 1\n #endif\n*** End Patch\n&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-03-20-475Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-03-20-475Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:03:20.475Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:03:20.475Z">2026-02-25T13:03:20.475Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>{&quot;output&quot;:&quot;Success. Updated the following files:\nM src/ply-base.cpp\n&quot;,&quot;metadata&quot;:{&quot;exit_code&quot;:0,&quot;duration_seconds&quot;:0.0}}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-04-43-358Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-04-43-358Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:04:43.358Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:04:43.358Z">2026-02-25T13:04:43.358Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Identifying multiple allocator edge cases and bugs</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-04-43-358Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-04-43-358Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:04:43.358Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:04:43.358Z">2026-02-25T13:04:43.358Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Preparing to patch allocation functions</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-04-43-358Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-04-43-358Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:04:43.358Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:04:43.358Z">2026-02-25T13:04:43.358Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Identifying multiple allocator edge cases and bugs</strong></p>
<p><strong>Preparing to patch allocation functions</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-04-43-392Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-04-43-392Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:04:43.392Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:04:43.392Z">2026-02-25T13:04:43.392Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="assistant-text"><p>The first allocator pass is in place. I’m doing a focused cleanup pass now to fix correctness edges (notably aligned allocation on large requests and a couple of boundary-tag details) before compiling.</p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-04-48-326Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-04-48-326Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:04:48.326Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:04:48.326Z">2026-02-25T13:04:48.326Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_g0GHa4DZNLVfVJ5cMsBuQtbf"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> apply_patch</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;value&#34;: &#34;*** Begin Patch\n*** Update File: src/ply-base.cpp\n@@\n // Allocates from the wilderness chunk, provisioning a new segment if needed.\n Chunk* takeTopChunk(uptr neededSize) {\n while (!this-&gt;top || (this-&gt;top-&gt;getSize() &lt; neededSize)) {\n if (!addSegment(neededSize)) {\n@@\n }\n this-&gt;stats.totalBytesConsumed += chunk-&gt;getSize();\n return chunk;\n }\n \n+ // Allocates a regular (non-direct-mapped) chunk using bins, DV, and top.\n+ Chunk* allocRegularChunk(uptr neededSize) {\n+ Chunk* chunk = takeSmallBinChunk(neededSize);\n+ if (!chunk) {\n+ chunk = takeDesignatedVictimChunk(neededSize);\n+ }\n+ if (!chunk) {\n+ chunk = takeTreeBinChunk(neededSize);\n+ }\n+ if (!chunk) {\n+ chunk = takeTopChunk(neededSize);\n+ }\n+ return chunk;\n+ }\n+\n // Coalesces and stores a free chunk after deallocation or shrink-split.\n void recycleFreeChunk(Chunk* chunk) {\n Chunk* base = chunk;\n uptr chunkBytes = chunk-&gt;getSize();\n@@\n uptr neededSize = requestToChunkSize(numBytes);\n if (neededSize == 0) {\n return nullptr;\n }\n if (neededSize &gt;= DirectMapThreshold) {\n return allocateDirectMappedChunk(neededSize);\n }\n-\n- Chunk* chunk = takeSmallBinChunk(neededSize);\n- if (!chunk) {\n- chunk = takeDesignatedVictimChunk(neededSize);\n- }\n- if (!chunk) {\n- chunk = takeTreeBinChunk(neededSize);\n- }\n- if (!chunk) {\n- chunk = takeTopChunk(neededSize);\n- }\n+ Chunk* chunk = allocRegularChunk(neededSize);\n return chunk ? chunk-&gt;memFromChunk() : nullptr;\n }\n@@\n if (neededSize &gt; getMaxValue&lt;uptr&gt;() - alignment - minChunkSize()) {\n return nullptr;\n }\n uptr oversized = neededSize + alignment + minChunkSize();\n- Chunk* raw = nullptr;\n- void* rawMem = allocLocked(oversized - sizeof(ChunkHeader));\n- if (!rawMem) {\n+ Chunk* raw = allocRegularChunk(oversized);\n+ if (!raw) {\n return nullptr;\n }\n- raw = Chunk::chunkFromMem(rawMem);\n- PLY_ASSERT(!raw-&gt;getDirectMapped());\n \n uptr rawSize = raw-&gt;getSize();\n uptr alignedMemAddr = uptr(alignToPowerOf2((u64) uptr(raw-&gt;memFromChunk()), (u64) alignment));\n Chunk* alignedChunk = Chunk::chunkFromMem((void*) alignedMemAddr);\n@@\n this-&gt;stats.totalBytesConsumed -= leadBytes;\n recycleFreeChunk(raw);\n }\n \n- alignedChunk-&gt;prevFoot = leadBytes;\n writeInUseChunkHeader(alignedChunk, neededSize, leadBytes == 0 ? rawPrevInUse : false);\n*** End Patch\n&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-04-48-393Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-04-48-393Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:04:48.393Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:04:48.393Z">2026-02-25T13:04:48.393Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>{&quot;output&quot;:&quot;Success. Updated the following files:\nM src/ply-base.cpp\n&quot;,&quot;metadata&quot;:{&quot;exit_code&quot;:0,&quot;duration_seconds&quot;:0.0}}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-04-51-503Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-04-51-503Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:04:51.503Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:04:51.503Z">2026-02-25T13:04:51.503Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Checking style and compilation</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-04-51-503Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-04-51-503Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:04:51.503Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:04:51.503Z">2026-02-25T13:04:51.503Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Checking style and compilation</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-04-52-314Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-04-52-314Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:04:52.314Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:04:52.314Z">2026-02-25T13:04:52.314Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="assistant-text"><p>I’ve resolved the biggest alignment-path risk and wired a dedicated regular-allocation path for <code>allocAligned</code>. I’m compiling <code>base-tests</code> with <code>PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR=1</code> now to catch and fix syntax/logic issues before moving to tests/docs.</p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-04-53-236Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-04-53-236Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:04:53.236Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:04:53.236Z">2026-02-25T13:04:53.236Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_28YUF7T9csPbPnKRSEDltqMF"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;cmake -B apps/base-tests/build-newalloc apps/base-tests -DPLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR=1 &amp;&amp; cmake --build apps/base-tests/build-newalloc -j4&#34;,
&#34;yield_time_ms&#34;: 120000,
&#34;max_output_tokens&#34;: 12000
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-04-55-097Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-04-55-097Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:04:55.097Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:04:55.097Z">2026-02-25T13:04:55.097Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 637a77
Wall time: 1.7023 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 203
Output:
-- Configuring done (0.0s)
-- Generating done (0.0s)
CMake Warning:
Manually-specified variables were not used by the project:
PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR
-- Build files have been written to: /home/jeff/work/plywood/apps/base-tests/build-newalloc
[ 14%] Building C object CMakeFiles/plywood.dir/home/jeff/work/plywood/src/dlmalloc.c.o
[ 28%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/plywood.dir/home/jeff/work/plywood/src/ply-base.cpp.o
[ 42%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/plywood.dir/home/jeff/work/plywood/src/ply-math.cpp.o
[ 57%] Linking CXX static library libplywood.a
[ 57%] Built target plywood
[ 71%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/base-tests.dir/test-cases.cpp.o
[ 85%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/base-tests.dir/test-suite.cpp.o
[100%] Linking CXX executable base-tests
[100%] Built target base-tests
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-04-58-729Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-04-58-729Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:04:58.729Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:04:58.729Z">2026-02-25T13:04:58.729Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Noticing missing compile definitions</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-04-58-729Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-04-58-729Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:04:58.729Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:04:58.729Z">2026-02-25T13:04:58.729Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Noticing missing compile definitions</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-04-58-852Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-04-58-852Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:04:58.852Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:04:58.852Z">2026-02-25T13:04:58.852Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_3GcH8IpyFbfdBjiL4yUyIkyY"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;apps/base-tests/build-newalloc/base-tests&#34;,
&#34;yield_time_ms&#34;: 120000,
&#34;max_output_tokens&#34;: 12000
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-05-00-062Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-05-00-062Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:05:00.062Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:05:00.062Z">2026-02-25T13:05:00.062Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: a67e25
Wall time: 1.0510 seconds
Process exited with code -1
Original token count: 0
Output:
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-05-04-200Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-05-04-200Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:05:04.200Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:05:04.200Z">2026-02-25T13:05:04.200Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Diagnosing silent crash with tracing</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-05-04-200Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-05-04-200Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:05:04.200Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:05:04.200Z">2026-02-25T13:05:04.200Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Diagnosing silent crash with tracing</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-05-04-400Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-05-04-400Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:05:04.400Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:05:04.400Z">2026-02-25T13:05:04.400Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_nUljs96my617Ya9qpVpeL8jU"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;apps/base-tests/build-newalloc/base-tests; echo EXIT:$?&#34;,
&#34;yield_time_ms&#34;: 120000,
&#34;max_output_tokens&#34;: 12000
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-05-05-578Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-05-05-578Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:05:05.578Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:05:05.578Z">2026-02-25T13:05:05.578Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: cd7ce8
Wall time: 1.0202 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 29
Output:
/bin/bash: line 1: 134148 Illegal instruction (core dumped) apps/base-tests/build-newalloc/base-tests
EXIT:132
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-05-08-668Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-05-08-668Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:05:08.668Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:05:08.668Z">2026-02-25T13:05:08.668Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Planning debug with gdb</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-05-08-668Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-05-08-668Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:05:08.668Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:05:08.668Z">2026-02-25T13:05:08.668Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Planning debug with gdb</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-05-08-851Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-05-08-851Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:05:08.851Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:05:08.851Z">2026-02-25T13:05:08.851Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_7A7YQhNugoLqz8RZfhjC0jSo"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;gdb -batch -ex run -ex bt --args apps/base-tests/build-newalloc/base-tests&#34;,
&#34;yield_time_ms&#34;: 120000,
&#34;max_output_tokens&#34;: 12000
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-05-09-000Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-05-09-000Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:05:09.000Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:05:09.000Z">2026-02-25T13:05:09.000Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>exec_command failed: CreateProcess { message: &quot;Codex(Sandbox(Denied { output: ExecToolCallOutput { exit_code: 1, stdout: StreamOutput { text: \&quot;\&quot;, truncated_after_lines: None }, stderr: StreamOutput { text: \&quot;warning: Could not trace the inferior process.\\nwarning: ptrace: Operation not permitted\\nDuring startup program exited with code 127.\\nNo stack.\\n\&quot;, truncated_after_lines: None }, aggregated_output: StreamOutput { text: \&quot;warning: Could not trace the inferior process.\\nwarning: ptrace: Operation not permitted\\nDuring startup program exited with code 127.\\nNo stack.\\n\&quot;, truncated_after_lines: None }, duration: 0ns, timed_out: false }, network_policy_decision: None }))&quot; }</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-06-03-223Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-06-03-223Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:06:03.223Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:06:03.223Z">2026-02-25T13:06:03.223Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Instrumenting allocator with debug prints</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-06-03-224Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-06-03-224Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:06:03.224Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:06:03.224Z">2026-02-25T13:06:03.224Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Instrumenting allocator with debug prints</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-06-03-488Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-06-03-488Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:06:03.488Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:06:03.488Z">2026-02-25T13:06:03.488Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_sKyhlvbu1iKzzfaXrBWbrRQi"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;cmake -B apps/fragmentation-test/build-newalloc apps/fragmentation-test &amp;&amp; cmake --build apps/fragmentation-test/build-newalloc -j4 &amp;&amp; apps/fragmentation-test/build-newalloc/fragmentation-test; echo EXIT:$?&#34;,
&#34;yield_time_ms&#34;: 120000,
&#34;max_output_tokens&#34;: 12000
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-06-05-952Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-06-05-952Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:06:05.952Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:06:05.952Z">2026-02-25T13:06:05.952Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: c1fd57
Wall time: 2.3059 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 179
Output:
-- Configuring done (0.0s)
-- Generating done (0.0s)
-- Build files have been written to: /home/jeff/work/plywood/apps/fragmentation-test/build-newalloc
[ 40%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/plywood.dir/home/jeff/work/plywood/src/ply-base.cpp.o
[ 40%] Building C object CMakeFiles/plywood.dir/home/jeff/work/plywood/src/dlmalloc.c.o
[ 60%] Linking CXX static library libplywood.a
[ 60%] Built target plywood
[ 80%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/fragmentation-test.dir/fragmentation-test.cpp.o
[100%] Linking CXX executable fragmentation-test
[100%] Built target fragmentation-test
EXIT:132
/bin/bash: line 1: 134323 Illegal instruction (core dumped) apps/fragmentation-test/build-newalloc/fragmentation-test
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-06-23-997Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-06-23-997Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:06:23.997Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:06:23.997Z">2026-02-25T13:06:23.997Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Instrumenting allocator asserts</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-06-23-998Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-06-23-998Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:06:23.998Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:06:23.998Z">2026-02-25T13:06:23.998Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Instrumenting allocator asserts</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-06-24-272Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-06-24-272Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:06:24.272Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:06:24.272Z">2026-02-25T13:06:24.272Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_9ySr505v23cUCo4Xli43NKHh"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;rg -n \&#34;VirtualMemory::getProperties\\(|regionAlignment\&#34; src/ply-base.cpp -n -S | head -n 40&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-06-24-363Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-06-24-363Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:06:24.363Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:06:24.363Z">2026-02-25T13:06:24.363Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 49e607
Wall time: 0.0511 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 557
Output:
388:VirtualMemory::Properties VirtualMemory::getProperties() {
411: PLY_ASSERT(isAlignedToPowerOf2(numBytes, VirtualMemory::getProperties().regionAlignment));
421: PLY_ASSERT(isAlignedToPowerOf2((uptr) addr, VirtualMemory::getProperties().regionAlignment));
422: PLY_ASSERT(isAlignedToPowerOf2(numReservedBytes, VirtualMemory::getProperties().regionAlignment));
423: PLY_ASSERT(isAlignedToPowerOf2(numCommittedBytes, VirtualMemory::getProperties().pageSize));
444: PLY_ASSERT(isAlignedToPowerOf2((uptr) addr, VirtualMemory::getProperties().pageSize));
445: PLY_ASSERT(isAlignedToPowerOf2(numBytes, VirtualMemory::getProperties().pageSize));
454: PLY_ASSERT(isAlignedToPowerOf2((uptr) addr, VirtualMemory::getProperties().pageSize));
455: PLY_ASSERT(isAlignedToPowerOf2(numBytes, VirtualMemory::getProperties().pageSize));
464: PLY_ASSERT(isAlignedToPowerOf2(numBytes, VirtualMemory::getProperties().regionAlignment));
484:VirtualMemory::Properties VirtualMemory::getProperties() {
509: uptr pageSize = VirtualMemory::getProperties().pageSize;
519: PLY_ASSERT(isAlignedToPowerOf2(numBytes, VirtualMemory::getProperties().regionAlignment));
529: PLY_ASSERT(isAlignedToPowerOf2((uptr) addr, VirtualMemory::getProperties().regionAlignment));
530: PLY_ASSERT(isAlignedToPowerOf2(numReservedBytes, VirtualMemory::getProperties().regionAlignment));
531: PLY_ASSERT(isAlignedToPowerOf2(numCommittedBytes, VirtualMemory::getProperties().pageSize));
541: PLY_ASSERT(isAlignedToPowerOf2((uptr) addr, VirtualMemory::getProperties().pageSize));
542: PLY_ASSERT(isAlignedToPowerOf2(numBytes, VirtualMemory::getProperties().pageSize));
551: PLY_ASSERT(isAlignedToPowerOf2((uptr) addr, VirtualMemory::getProperties().pageSize));
552: PLY_ASSERT(isAlignedToPowerOf2(numBytes, VirtualMemory::getProperties().pageSize));
563: PLY_ASSERT(isAlignedToPowerOf2(numBytes, VirtualMemory::getProperties().regionAlignment));
1004: this-&gt;vmProps = VirtualMemory::getProperties();
1025: regionBytes = uptr(alignToPowerOf2((u64) regionBytes, (u64) this-&gt;vmProps.regionAlignment));
1124: mapBytes = uptr(alignToPowerOf2((u64) mapBytes, (u64) this-&gt;vmProps.regionAlignment));
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-06-26-216Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-06-26-216Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:06:26.216Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:06:26.216Z">2026-02-25T13:06:26.216Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_1L5LXF3khTHVE8sB819i1OZ9"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;sed -n &#39;360,520p&#39; src/ply-base.cpp&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-06-26-303Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-06-26-303Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:06:26.303Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:06:26.303Z">2026-02-25T13:06:26.303Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 6e47a6
Wall time: 0.0503 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 1599
Output:
}
#elif defined(PLY_POSIX)
void* threadEntry(void* arg) {
Functor&lt;void()&gt;* entry = static_cast&lt;Functor&lt;void()&gt;*&gt;(arg);
(*entry)();
Heap::destroy(entry);
return nullptr;
}
#endif
// ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄
// ██ ██ ▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄ ▄██▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ██ ███▄███ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄
// ██ ██ ██ ██ ▀▀ ██ ██ ██ ▄▄▄██ ██ ██▀█▀██ ██▄▄██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ▀▀ ██ ██
// ▀█▀ ██ ██ ▀█▄▄ ▀█▄▄██ ▀█▄▄██ ▄██▄ ██ ██ ▀█▄▄▄ ██ ██ ██ ▀█▄▄█▀ ██ ▀█▄▄██
// ▄▄▄█▀
Atomic&lt;uptr&gt; VirtualMemory::totalReservedBytes = 0;
Atomic&lt;uptr&gt; VirtualMemory::totalCommittedBytes = 0;
#if defined(PLY_WINDOWS)
//--------------------------------------------
// Windows
//--------------------------------------------
VirtualMemory::Properties VirtualMemory::getProperties() {
static VirtualMemory::Properties props = []() {
SYSTEM_INFO sysInfo;
GetSystemInfo(&amp;sysInfo);
PLY_ASSERT(isPowerOf2((u32) sysInfo.dwAllocationGranularity));
PLY_ASSERT(isPowerOf2((u32) sysInfo.dwPageSize));
return VirtualMemory::Properties{sysInfo.dwAllocationGranularity, sysInfo.dwPageSize};
}();
return props;
}
VirtualMemory::SystemStats VirtualMemory::getSystemStats() {
PROCESS_MEMORY_COUNTERS_EX pmc;
pmc.cb = sizeof(pmc);
GetProcessMemoryInfo(GetCurrentProcess(), (PROCESS_MEMORY_COUNTERS*) &amp;pmc, sizeof(pmc));
VirtualMemory::SystemStats usageStats;
usageStats.privateUsage = pmc.PrivateUsage;
usageStats.workingSetSize = pmc.WorkingSetSize;
return usageStats;
}
void* VirtualMemory::reserveRegion(uptr numBytes) {
PLY_ASSERT(isAlignedToPowerOf2(numBytes, VirtualMemory::getProperties().regionAlignment));
void* addr = VirtualAlloc(0, (SIZE_T) numBytes, MEM_RESERVE, PAGE_READWRITE);
if (addr == NULL)
return nullptr;
VirtualMemory::totalReservedBytes.fetchAdd(numBytes, Relaxed);
return addr;
}
void VirtualMemory::unreserveRegion(void* addr, uptr numReservedBytes, uptr numCommittedBytes) {
PLY_ASSERT(isAlignedToPowerOf2((uptr) addr, VirtualMemory::getProperties().regionAlignment));
PLY_ASSERT(isAlignedToPowerOf2(numReservedBytes, VirtualMemory::getProperties().regionAlignment));
PLY_ASSERT(isAlignedToPowerOf2(numCommittedBytes, VirtualMemory::getProperties().pageSize));
#if defined(PLY_WITH_ASSERTS)
MEMORY_BASIC_INFORMATION memInfo;
SIZE_T rc = VirtualQuery(addr, &amp;memInfo, sizeof(memInfo));
PLY_ASSERT(rc != 0);
PLY_UNUSED(rc);
PLY_ASSERT(memInfo.BaseAddress == addr);
PLY_ASSERT(memInfo.AllocationBase == addr);
// The entire address space range must be reserved as one block:
PLY_ASSERT(memInfo.RegionSize &lt;= numReservedBytes);
#endif
BOOL rc2 = VirtualFree(addr, 0, MEM_RELEASE);
PLY_ASSERT(rc2);
PLY_UNUSED(rc2);
VirtualMemory::totalReservedBytes.fetchSub(numReservedBytes, Relaxed);
VirtualMemory::totalCommittedBytes.fetchSub(numCommittedBytes, Relaxed);
}
void VirtualMemory::commitPages(void* addr, uptr numBytes) {
PLY_ASSERT(isAlignedToPowerOf2((uptr) addr, VirtualMemory::getProperties().pageSize));
PLY_ASSERT(isAlignedToPowerOf2(numBytes, VirtualMemory::getProperties().pageSize));
LPVOID result = VirtualAlloc(addr, (SIZE_T) numBytes, MEM_COMMIT, PAGE_READWRITE);
PLY_ASSERT(result != NULL); // Failure is considered fatal
PLY_UNUSED(result);
VirtualMemory::totalCommittedBytes.fetchAdd(numBytes, Relaxed);
}
void VirtualMemory::decommitPages(void* addr, uptr numBytes) {
PLY_ASSERT(isAlignedToPowerOf2((uptr) addr, VirtualMemory::getProperties().pageSize));
PLY_ASSERT(isAlignedToPowerOf2(numBytes, VirtualMemory::getProperties().pageSize));
BOOL rc = VirtualFree(addr, numBytes, MEM_DECOMMIT);
PLY_ASSERT(rc);
PLY_UNUSED(rc);
VirtualMemory::totalCommittedBytes.fetchSub(numBytes, Relaxed);
}
void* VirtualMemory::allocRegion(uptr numBytes) {
PLY_ASSERT(isAlignedToPowerOf2(numBytes, VirtualMemory::getProperties().regionAlignment));
void* addr = VirtualAlloc(0, (SIZE_T) numBytes, MEM_RESERVE | MEM_COMMIT, PAGE_READWRITE);
if (addr == NULL)
return nullptr;
VirtualMemory::totalReservedBytes.fetchAdd(numBytes, Relaxed);
VirtualMemory::totalCommittedBytes.fetchAdd(numBytes, Relaxed);
return addr;
}
void VirtualMemory::freeRegion(void* addr, uptr numBytes) {
VirtualMemory::unreserveRegion(addr, numBytes, numBytes);
}
#elif defined(PLY_POSIX)
//--------------------------------------------
// POSIX
//--------------------------------------------
VirtualMemory::Properties VirtualMemory::getProperties() {
static VirtualMemory::Properties props = []() {
long result = sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE);
PLY_ASSERT(isPowerOf2((u64) result));
return VirtualMemory::Properties{(uptr) result, (uptr) result};
}();
return props;
}
VirtualMemory::SystemStats VirtualMemory::getSystemStats() {
VirtualMemory::SystemStats usageStats;
#if defined(PLY_APPLE)
struct mach_task_basic_info taskInfoData;
mach_msg_type_number_t count = MACH_TASK_BASIC_INFO_COUNT;
if (task_info(mach_task_self(), MACH_TASK_BASIC_INFO, (task_info_t) &amp;taskInfoData, &amp;count) == KERN_SUCCESS) {
usageStats.virtualSize = taskInfoData.virtual_size;
usageStats.residentSize = taskInfoData.resident_size;
}
#else
Stream in = Filesystem::openBinaryForRead(&quot;/proc/self/statm&quot;);
if (in) {
u64 vmPages = readU64FromText(in);
skipWhitespace(in);
u64 rssPages = readU64FromText(in);
uptr pageSize = VirtualMemory::getProperties().pageSize;
usageStats.virtualSize = vmPages * pageSize;
usageStats.residentSize = rssPages * pageSize;
}
#endif
return usageStats;
}
void* VirtualMemory::reserveRegion(uptr numBytes) {
PLY_ASSERT(isAlignedToPowerOf2(numBytes, VirtualMemory::getProperties().regionAlignment));
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-06-43-265Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-06-43-265Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:06:43.265Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:06:43.265Z">2026-02-25T13:06:43.265Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Diagnosing heap assert and delete issues</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-06-43-265Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-06-43-265Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:06:43.265Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:06:43.265Z">2026-02-25T13:06:43.265Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Diagnosing heap assert and delete issues</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-06-43-726Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-06-43-726Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:06:43.726Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:06:43.726Z">2026-02-25T13:06:43.726Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_xEbdgqTQcCtbNBT1GEDI9rCQ"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;nl -ba src/ply-base.cpp | rg -n \&#34;class HeapImpl|#else$|#if PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR|#endif\&#34; -n -S | head -n 30&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-06-43-827Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-06-43-827Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:06:43.827Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:06:43.827Z">2026-02-25T13:06:43.827Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 047cc5
Wall time: 0.0514 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 147
Output:
33: 33 #endif
34: 34 #endif
35: 35 #endif
50: 50 #endif
84: 84 #else
86: 86 #endif
93: 93 #else
97: 97 #endif
100: 100 #endif
177: 177 #else
179: 179 #endif
371: 371 #endif
434: 434 #endif
503: 503 #else
513: 513 #endif
577: 577 #endif
591: 591 #if PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR
594: 594 class HeapImpl {
1658: 1658 #endif
1699: 1699 #endif
1749: 1749 #endif
1752: 1752 #else
1793: 1793 #endif
1796: 1796 #endif
1800: 1800 #endif
1844: 1844 #endif // PLY_OVERRIDE_NEW
2507: 2507 #endif
3519: 3519 #endif
3523: 3523 #endif
3743: 3743 #endif
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-06-54-936Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-06-54-936Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:06:54.936Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:06:54.936Z">2026-02-25T13:06:54.936Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Planning local assert override</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-06-54-936Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-06-54-936Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:06:54.936Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:06:54.936Z">2026-02-25T13:06:54.936Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Planning local assert override</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-06-57-277Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-06-57-277Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:06:57.277Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:06:57.277Z">2026-02-25T13:06:57.277Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_07C8LYHGwjDvvpd1dfDgGpct"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> apply_patch</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;value&#34;: &#34;*** Begin Patch\n*** Update File: src/ply-base.cpp\n@@\n #if PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR\n \n+#if defined(PLY_WITH_ASSERTS)\n+#undef PLY_ASSERT\n+#define PLY_ASSERT(cond) \\\n+ do { \\\n+ if (!(cond)) { \\\n+ fprintf(stderr, \&#34;Heap assert failed at %s:%d: %s\\n\&#34;, __FILE__, __LINE__, #cond); \\\n+ PLY_FORCE_CRASH(); \\\n+ } \\\n+ } while (0)\n+#else\n+#undef PLY_ASSERT\n+#define PLY_ASSERT(cond) \\\n+ do { \\\n+ } while (0)\n+#endif\n+\n // Implements the bespoke heap allocator used by ply::Heap.\n class HeapImpl {\n@@\n void Heap::validate() {\n #if defined(PLY_WITH_ASSERTS)\n getHeapImpl().validate();\n #endif\n }\n \n+#if defined(PLY_WITH_ASSERTS)\n+#undef PLY_ASSERT\n+#define PLY_ASSERT(cond) \\\n+ do { \\\n+ if (!(cond)) \\\n+ PLY_FORCE_CRASH(); \\\n+ } while (0)\n+#else\n+#undef PLY_ASSERT\n+#define PLY_ASSERT(cond) \\\n+ do { \\\n+ } while (0)\n+#endif\n+\n #else\n*** End Patch\n&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-06-57-347Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-06-57-347Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:06:57.347Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:06:57.347Z">2026-02-25T13:06:57.347Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>{&quot;output&quot;:&quot;Success. Updated the following files:\nM src/ply-base.cpp\n&quot;,&quot;metadata&quot;:{&quot;exit_code&quot;:0,&quot;duration_seconds&quot;:0.0}}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-07-00-036Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-07-00-036Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:07:00.036Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:07:00.036Z">2026-02-25T13:07:00.036Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Testing with assert messages</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-07-00-036Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-07-00-036Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:07:00.036Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:07:00.036Z">2026-02-25T13:07:00.036Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Testing with assert messages</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-07-00-529Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-07-00-529Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:07:00.529Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:07:00.529Z">2026-02-25T13:07:00.529Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_7XNAQe5uCAfHFGOkup7KYEfY"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;cmake --build apps/base-tests/build-newalloc -j4 &amp;&amp; apps/base-tests/build-newalloc/base-tests; echo EXIT:$?&#34;,
&#34;yield_time_ms&#34;: 120000,
&#34;max_output_tokens&#34;: 12000
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-07-02-722Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-07-02-722Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:07:02.722Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:07:02.722Z">2026-02-25T13:07:02.722Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 973776
Wall time: 2.0352 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 113
Output:
[ 14%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/plywood.dir/home/jeff/work/plywood/src/ply-base.cpp.o
[ 28%] Linking CXX static library libplywood.a
[ 57%] Built target plywood
[ 71%] Linking CXX executable base-tests
[100%] Built target base-tests
Heap assert failed at /home/jeff/work/plywood/src/ply-base.cpp:775: chunkSize &gt;= SmallBinLimit
EXIT:132
/bin/bash: line 1: 134563 Illegal instruction (core dumped) apps/base-tests/build-newalloc/base-tests
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-07-05-057Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-07-05-057Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:07:05.057Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:07:05.057Z">2026-02-25T13:07:05.057Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Inspecting critical assertion</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-07-05-057Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-07-05-057Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:07:05.057Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:07:05.057Z">2026-02-25T13:07:05.057Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Inspecting critical assertion</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-07-05-193Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-07-05-193Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:07:05.193Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:07:05.193Z">2026-02-25T13:07:05.193Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_bn08Dm0bFIUQCJmrmfFDP1HE"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;nl -ba src/ply-base.cpp | sed -n &#39;750,805p&#39;&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-07-05-282Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-07-05-282Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:07:05.282Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:07:05.282Z">2026-02-25T13:07:05.282Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: ff89ec
Wall time: 0.0515 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 527
Output:
750 }
751
752 // Returns true when a chunk should be managed by small bins.
753 static bool isSmallChunk(uptr chunkSize) {
754 return chunkSize &lt; SmallBinLimit;
755 }
756
757 // Returns the small-bin index for a given chunk size.
758 static u32 smallBinIndex(uptr chunkSize) {
759 PLY_ASSERT(chunkSize &lt; SmallBinLimit);
760 return numericCast&lt;u32&gt;(chunkSize / SmallBinStep);
761 }
762
763 // Returns floor(log2(value)) for non-zero inputs.
764 static u32 floorLog2(uptr value) {
765 PLY_ASSERT(value &gt; 0);
766 u32 log2 = 0;
767 while (value &gt;&gt;= 1) {
768 log2++;
769 }
770 return log2;
771 }
772
773 // Returns the tree-bin index for a chunk size of at least 256 bytes.
774 static u32 treeBinIndex(uptr chunkSize) {
775 PLY_ASSERT(chunkSize &gt;= SmallBinLimit);
776 u32 lg = floorLog2(chunkSize);
777 if (lg &lt;= 8) {
778 return 0;
779 }
780 u32 idx = (lg - 8) * 2;
781 idx += numericCast&lt;u32&gt;((chunkSize &gt;&gt; (lg - 1)) &amp; 1);
782 if (idx &gt;= NumTreeBins) {
783 idx = NumTreeBins - 1;
784 }
785 return idx;
786 }
787
788 // Returns the first set-bit index of a non-zero bitmap.
789 static u32 firstSetBit(u32 bits) {
790 PLY_ASSERT(bits != 0);
791 u32 idx = 0;
792 while ((bits &amp; 1) == 0) {
793 bits &gt;&gt;= 1;
794 idx++;
795 }
796 return idx;
797 }
798
799 // Writes boundary tags for a free chunk and updates its successor&#x27;s back-link.
800 static void writeFreeChunkHeader(Chunk* chunk, uptr chunkSize, bool prevInUse) {
801 chunk-&gt;setSizeAndFlags(chunkSize, false, prevInUse, false);
802 ChunkHeader* next = chunk-&gt;nextHeader();
803 next-&gt;prevFoot = chunkSize;
804 next-&gt;head &amp;= ~PrevInUseBit;
805 }
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-07-10-478Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-07-10-478Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:07:10.478Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:07:10.478Z">2026-02-25T13:07:10.478Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Adjusting small chunk tree bin logic</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-07-10-478Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-07-10-478Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:07:10.478Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:07:10.478Z">2026-02-25T13:07:10.478Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Adjusting small chunk tree bin logic</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-07-11-579Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-07-11-579Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:07:11.579Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:07:11.579Z">2026-02-25T13:07:11.579Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_0TXuzBt2oqUn3hQRRVKe8tnV"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> apply_patch</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;value&#34;: &#34;*** Begin Patch\n*** Update File: src/ply-base.cpp\n@@\n Chunk* findBestTreeChunk(uptr chunkSize) {\n Chunk* best = nullptr;\n uptr bestSize = getMaxValue&lt;uptr&gt;();\n- u32 startBin = treeBinIndex(chunkSize);\n+ u32 startBin = isSmallChunk(chunkSize) ? 0u : treeBinIndex(chunkSize);\n for (u32 i = startBin; i &lt; NumTreeBins; i++) {\n Chunk* node = this-&gt;treeBins[i];\n*** End Patch\n&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-07-11-625Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-07-11-625Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:07:11.625Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:07:11.625Z">2026-02-25T13:07:11.625Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>{&quot;output&quot;:&quot;Success. Updated the following files:\nM src/ply-base.cpp\n&quot;,&quot;metadata&quot;:{&quot;exit_code&quot;:0,&quot;duration_seconds&quot;:0.0}}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-07-14-557Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-07-14-557Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:07:14.557Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:07:14.557Z">2026-02-25T13:07:14.557Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Retrying build with debug asserts</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-07-14-557Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-07-14-557Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:07:14.557Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:07:14.557Z">2026-02-25T13:07:14.557Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Retrying build with debug asserts</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-07-14-734Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-07-14-734Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:07:14.734Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:07:14.734Z">2026-02-25T13:07:14.734Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_DOapZeai0j57LyFC7Ki8IZhi"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;cmake --build apps/base-tests/build-newalloc -j4 &amp;&amp; apps/base-tests/build-newalloc/base-tests; echo EXIT:$?&#34;,
&#34;yield_time_ms&#34;: 120000,
&#34;max_output_tokens&#34;: 12000
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-07-16-065Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-07-16-065Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:07:16.065Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:07:16.065Z">2026-02-25T13:07:16.065Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 27b94e
Wall time: 1.1724 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 1158
Output:
[ 14%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/plywood.dir/home/jeff/work/plywood/src/ply-base.cpp.o
[ 28%] Linking CXX static library libplywood.a
[ 57%] Built target plywood
[ 71%] Linking CXX executable base-tests
[100%] Built target base-tests
[1/95] isRepresentable... success
[2/95] String::fromDateTime... success
[3/95] Thread join... success
[4/95] Heap::getStats... success
[5/95] Heap::setOutOfMemoryHandler... success
[6/95] shuffle_bits() 32... success
[7/95] shuffle_bits() 64... success
[8/95] String self-assignment... success
[9/95] String find... success
[10/95] String reverseFind... success
[11/95] String split... success
[12/95] String match identifier... success
[13/95] String match integer... success
[14/95] String match negative integer... success
[15/95] String match float... success
[16/95] String match quoted string... success
[17/95] String match whitespace... success
[18/95] String match whitespace with tab... success
[19/95] String match optional whitespace... success
[20/95] String match escape character... success
[21/95] String match group alternation... success
[22/95] String match group alternation fail... success
[23/95] String match zero or more... success
[24/95] String match zero or more empty... success
[25/95] String match optional character... success
[26/95] String match group zero or more... success
[27/95] String match nested groups... success
[28/95] String match end anchor... success
[29/95] String match multiple captures... success
[30/95] String match optional format specifier... success
[31/95] String match optional group with format specifier... success
[32/95] String match literal characters... success
[33/95] Array default constructor... success
[34/95] Array construct from braced initializer list... success
[35/95] Array copy constructor... success
[36/95] Array copy constructor... success
[37/95] Array move constructor... success
[38/95] Copy construct Array&lt;String&gt;... success
[39/95] Array construct from FixedArray... success
[40/95] Move construct Array&lt;String&gt;... success
[41/95] Array assign from braced initializer list... success
[42/95] Array copy assignment... success
[43/95] Array move assignment... success
[44/95] Array assign, no move semantics... success
[45/95] Array assign from FixedArray... success
[46/95] Move assign Array&lt;String&gt;... success
[47/95] Array move assign from FixedArray... success
[48/95] Array self-assignment... success
[49/95] Array subscript lookup... success
[50/95] Array subscript modification... success
[51/95] Array back lookup... success
[52/95] Array back modification... success
[53/95] Array iteration... success
[54/95] Array iteration 2... success
[55/95] Array operator bool... success
[56/95] Array isEmpty... success
[57/95] Array numItems... success
[58/95] Array clear... success
[59/95] Array resize... success
[60/95] Array resize 2... success
[61/95] Array append, no move semantics... success
[62/95] Array append with move semantics... success
[63/95] Array append, no move semantics... success
[64/95] Array append String with move semantics... success
[65/95] Array extend from braced initializer list... success
[66/95] Array extend, no move semantics... success
[67/95] Array extend with move semantics... success
[68/95] Array extend from FixedArray, no move semantics... success
[69/95] Array extend from FixedArray with move semantics... success
[70/95] Extend Array&lt;String&gt; without move semantics... success
[71/95] Extend Array&lt;String&gt; with move semantics... success
[72/95] Array pop... success
[73/95] Array insert... success
[74/95] Array insert 2... success
[75/95] Array erase... success
[76/95] Array erase_quick... success
[77/95] Set stress test u32... success
[78/95] Map with String keys... success
[79/95] Map stress test... success
[80/95] BTree stress test u32... success
[81/95] Variant template... success
[82/95] binarySearch() basic functionality... success
[83/95] binarySearch() with FindGreaterThan condition... success
[84/95] binarySearch() empty array... success
[85/95] binarySearch() single element... success
[86/95] binarySearch() with duplicates... success
[87/95] binarySearch() all same elements... success
[88/95] binarySearch() with custom type... success
[89/95] binarySearch() with String type... success
[90/95] binarySearch() with different numeric types... success
[91/95] Decode truncated UTF-8... success
[92/95] Autodetect file encodings... success
[93/95] Mem stream temp buffer... success
[94/95] Usage stats with reserve/commit/decommit/unreserve... success
[95/95] Usage stats with alloc/free... success
95/95 test cases passed (100.000%)
EXIT:0
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-07-18-386Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-07-18-386Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:07:18.386Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:07:18.386Z">2026-02-25T13:07:18.386Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Adding allocator tests next</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-07-18-386Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-07-18-386Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:07:18.386Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:07:18.386Z">2026-02-25T13:07:18.386Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Adding allocator tests next</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-07-19-361Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-07-19-361Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:07:19.361Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:07:19.361Z">2026-02-25T13:07:19.361Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_TckKqBbHt0eTcfDeCDt0tK7r"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;cmake --build apps/fragmentation-test/build-newalloc -j4 &amp;&amp; apps/fragmentation-test/build-newalloc/fragmentation-test &gt; /tmp/frag-new.txt; echo EXIT:$? &amp;&amp; tail -n 5 /tmp/frag-new.txt&#34;,
&#34;yield_time_ms&#34;: 120000,
&#34;max_output_tokens&#34;: 12000
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-07-20-435Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-07-20-435Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:07:20.435Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:07:20.435Z">2026-02-25T13:07:20.435Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 48d490
Wall time: 0.9148 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 89
Output:
[ 20%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/plywood.dir/home/jeff/work/plywood/src/ply-base.cpp.o
[ 40%] Linking CXX static library libplywood.a
[ 60%] Built target plywood
[ 80%] Linking CXX executable fragmentation-test
[100%] Built target fragmentation-test
EXIT:0
3577, 466, 1048576
3578, 254, 1048576
3579, 0, 1048576
3580, 418, 1048576
3581, 0, 1048576
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-07-48-976Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-07-48-976Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:07:48.976Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:07:48.976Z">2026-02-25T13:07:48.976Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Planning comprehensive heap tests</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-07-48-976Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-07-48-976Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:07:48.976Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:07:48.976Z">2026-02-25T13:07:48.976Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Planning comprehensive heap tests</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-07-49-268Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-07-49-268Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:07:49.268Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:07:49.268Z">2026-02-25T13:07:49.268Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_iM5jqeTKmpoaxCtFm1lY8v3y"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;rg -n \&#34;template &lt;typename T&gt; class Atomic|fetchAdd|load\\(|store\\(\&#34; src/ply-base.h -S | head -n 80&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-07-49-360Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-07-49-360Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:07:49.360Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:07:49.360Z">2026-02-25T13:07:49.360Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 501aa8
Wall time: 0.0506 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 380
Output:
702: Atomic(const Atomic&lt;T, 4&gt;&amp; other) : value{other.load(Relaxed)} {
708: this-&gt;value = other.load(Relaxed);
711: T load(MemoryOrder order) const {
718: void store(T value, MemoryOrder order) {
730: T fetchAdd(T operand, MemoryOrder) {
752: Atomic(const Atomic&lt;T, 8&gt;&amp; other) : value{other.load(Relaxed)} {
758: this-&gt;value = other.load(Relaxed);
761: T load(MemoryOrder order) const {
775: void store(T value, MemoryOrder order) {
796: T fetchAdd(T operand, MemoryOrder) {
836: Atomic(const Atomic&lt;T, 4&gt;&amp; other) : value{other.load(Relaxed)} {
842: this-&gt;value = other.load(Relaxed);
845: T load(MemoryOrder order) const {
848: void store(T value, MemoryOrder order) {
859: T fetchAdd(T operand, MemoryOrder order) {
881: Atomic(const Atomic&lt;T, 8&gt;&amp; other) : value{other.load(Relaxed)} {
887: this-&gt;value = other.load(Relaxed);
890: T load(MemoryOrder order) const {
893: void store(T value, MemoryOrder order) {
904: T fetchAdd(T operand, MemoryOrder order) {
935: this-&gt;oldValue = var-&gt;load();
936: var-&gt;store(newValue);
948: this-&gt;var-&gt;store(this-&gt;oldValue);
978: U load() const {
985: U load() const {
991: void store(T value) {
1030: U load() const {
1036: U load() const {
1042: void store(U value) {
3244: u32 oldCount = this-&gt;refCount.fetchAdd(1, AcqRel);
3256: return this-&gt;refCount.load(Acquire);
4280: lastResult_.store(result);
4284: return lastResult_.load();
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-07-51-944Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-07-51-944Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:07:51.944Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:07:51.944Z">2026-02-25T13:07:51.944Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Confirming atomic fetch operations</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-07-51-944Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-07-51-944Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:07:51.944Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:07:51.944Z">2026-02-25T13:07:51.944Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Confirming atomic fetch operations</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-07-52-110Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-07-52-110Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:07:52.110Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:07:52.110Z">2026-02-25T13:07:52.110Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_utneLp2oRDCu0AIxyKioe7s6"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;rg -n \&#34;fetchSub\\(\&#34; src/ply-base.h -S | head -n 20&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-07-52-202Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-07-52-202Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:07:52.202Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:07:52.202Z">2026-02-25T13:07:52.202Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 9eabe7
Wall time: 0.0512 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 64
Output:
733: T fetchSub(T operand, MemoryOrder) {
799: T fetchSub(T operand, MemoryOrder) {
862: T fetchSub(T operand, MemoryOrder order) {
907: T fetchSub(T operand, MemoryOrder order) {
3249: s32 oldCount = this-&gt;refCount.fetchSub(1, AcqRel);
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-07-55-481Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-07-55-481Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:07:55.481Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:07:55.481Z">2026-02-25T13:07:55.481Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Planning atomic failure count and threading</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-07-55-481Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-07-55-481Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:07:55.481Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:07:55.481Z">2026-02-25T13:07:55.481Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Planning atomic failure count and threading</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-07-55-617Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-07-55-617Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:07:55.617Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:07:55.617Z">2026-02-25T13:07:55.617Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_qWBVUV4hq4YsR2E84F1ZKdB8"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;sed -n &#39;880,1015p&#39; src/ply-base.h&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-07-55-709Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-07-55-709Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:07:55.709Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:07:55.709Z">2026-02-25T13:07:55.709Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: cd01a3
Wall time: 0.0516 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 1123
Output:
}
Atomic(const Atomic&lt;T, 8&gt;&amp; other) : value{other.load(Relaxed)} {
}
// Hide operator=
Atomic&amp; operator=(T) = delete;
// The copy assignment operator should only be called when there is no concurrent access to *this.
Atomic&amp; operator=(const Atomic&amp; other) {
this-&gt;value = other.load(Relaxed);
return *this;
}
T load(MemoryOrder order) const {
return __atomic_load_n(&amp;this-&gt;value, toGccOrder(order));
}
void store(T value, MemoryOrder order) {
__atomic_store_n(&amp;this-&gt;value, value, toGccOrder(order));
}
T compareExchange(T expected, T desired, MemoryOrder order) {
MemoryOrder failOrder = (order == AcqRel) ? Acquire : ((order == Release) ? Relaxed : order);
__atomic_compare_exchange_n(&amp;this-&gt;value, &amp;expected, desired, false, toGccOrder(order), toGccOrder(failOrder));
return expected;
}
T exchange(T desired, MemoryOrder order) {
return __atomic_exchange_n(&amp;this-&gt;value, desired, toGccOrder(order));
}
T fetchAdd(T operand, MemoryOrder order) {
return __atomic_fetch_add(&amp;this-&gt;value, operand, toGccOrder(order));
}
T fetchSub(T operand, MemoryOrder order) {
return __atomic_fetch_sub(&amp;this-&gt;value, operand, toGccOrder(order));
}
T fetchAnd(T operand, MemoryOrder order) {
return __atomic_fetch_and(&amp;this-&gt;value, operand, toGccOrder(order));
}
T fetchOr(T operand, MemoryOrder order) {
return __atomic_fetch_or(&amp;this-&gt;value, operand, toGccOrder(order));
}
};
#endif
// ▄▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄▄
// ██ ██▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄██ ██ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ██
// ██ ██ ██ ██ ▀▀ ██▄▄██ ▄▄▄██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ▄▄▄██ ██
// ██ ██ ██ ██ ▀█▄▄▄ ▀█▄▄██ ▀█▄▄██ ██▄▄▄ ▀█▄▄█▀ ▀█▄▄▄ ▀█▄▄██ ▄██▄
//
// Used as the return value of Thread_Local::setInScope()
template &lt;template &lt;typename&gt; class TL, typename T&gt;
class ThreadLocalScope {
private:
TL&lt;T&gt;* var;
T oldValue;
public:
ThreadLocalScope(TL&lt;T&gt;* var, T newValue) : var{var} {
this-&gt;oldValue = var-&gt;load();
var-&gt;store(newValue);
}
ThreadLocalScope(const ThreadLocalScope&amp;) = delete;
ThreadLocalScope(ThreadLocalScope&amp;&amp; other) {
this-&gt;var = other.var;
this-&gt;oldValue = std::move(other.oldValue);
other.var = nullptr;
}
~ThreadLocalScope() {
if (this-&gt;var) {
this-&gt;var-&gt;store(this-&gt;oldValue);
}
}
};
#if defined(PLY_WINDOWS)
//----------------------------------------------------
// Windows implementation.
template &lt;typename T&gt;
class ThreadLocal {
private:
PLY_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(T) &lt;= PLY_PTR_SIZE);
DWORD m_tlsIndex;
public:
ThreadLocal() {
m_tlsIndex = TlsAlloc();
PLY_ASSERT(m_tlsIndex != TLS_OUT_OF_INDEXES);
}
ThreadLocal(const ThreadLocal&amp;) = delete;
~ThreadLocal() {
BOOL rc = TlsFree(m_tlsIndex);
PLY_ASSERT(rc != 0);
PLY_UNUSED(rc);
}
template &lt;typename U = T, std::enable_if_t&lt;std::is_pointer&lt;U&gt;::value, int&gt; = 0&gt;
U load() const {
LPVOID value = TlsGetValue(m_tlsIndex);
PLY_ASSERT(value != 0 || GetLastError() == ERROR_SUCCESS);
return (T) value;
}
template &lt;typename U = T, std::enable_if_t&lt;std::is_enum&lt;U&gt;::value || std::is_integral&lt;U&gt;::value, int&gt; = 0&gt;
U load() const {
LPVOID value = TlsGetValue(m_tlsIndex);
PLY_ASSERT(value != 0 || GetLastError() == ERROR_SUCCESS);
return (T) (uptr) value;
}
void store(T value) {
BOOL rc = TlsSetValue(m_tlsIndex, (LPVOID) value);
PLY_ASSERT(rc != 0);
PLY_UNUSED(rc);
}
// In C++11, you can write auto scope = myTlvar.setInScope(value);
using Scope = ThreadLocalScope&lt;ThreadLocal, T&gt;;
Scope setInScope(T value) {
return {this, value};
}
};
#elif defined(PLY_POSIX)
//----------------------------------------------------
// POSIX implementation.
template &lt;typename T&gt;
class ThreadLocal {
private:
PLY_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(T) &lt;= PLY_PTR_SIZE);
pthread_key_t m_tlsKey;
public:
ThreadLocal() {
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-07-57-572Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-07-57-572Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:07:57.572Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:07:57.572Z">2026-02-25T13:07:57.572Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Searching for thread class</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-07-57-572Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-07-57-572Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:07:57.572Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:07:57.572Z">2026-02-25T13:07:57.572Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Searching for thread class</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-07-57-967Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-07-57-967Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:07:57.967Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:07:57.967Z">2026-02-25T13:07:57.967Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_q8C75XnKE8GIN9W0ItB30Amw"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;rg -n \&#34;struct Thread|class Thread\&#34; src/ply-base.h -n -S | head -n 20&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-07-58-060Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-07-58-060Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:07:58.060Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:07:58.060Z">2026-02-25T13:07:58.060Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: d46cb6
Wall time: 0.0511 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 29
Output:
608:class Thread {
647:class Thread {
928:class ThreadLocalScope {
958:class ThreadLocal {
1009:class ThreadLocal {
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-08-00-629Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-08-00-629Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:08:00.629Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:08:00.629Z">2026-02-25T13:08:00.629Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_0vV7yKrQXBTIQ91kUW0J5mFX"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;sed -n &#39;580,740p&#39; src/ply-base.h&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-08-00-719Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-08-00-719Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:08:00.719Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:08:00.719Z">2026-02-25T13:08:00.719Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 073c95
Wall time: 0.0508 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 1185
Output:
// ▄▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄
// ██ ██▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄██
// ██ ██ ██ ██ ▀▀ ██▄▄██ ▄▄▄██ ██ ██
// ██ ██ ██ ██ ▀█▄▄▄ ▀█▄▄██ ▀█▄▄██
//
// Suspends the calling thread for the specified number of milliseconds.
inline void sleepMillis(u32 millis) {
#if defined(PLY_WINDOWS)
Sleep((DWORD) millis);
#elif defined(PLY_POSIX)
timespec ts;
ts.tv_sec = millis / 1000;
ts.tv_nsec = (millis % 1000) * 1000000;
nanosleep(&amp;ts, NULL);
#endif
}
template &lt;typename&gt;
struct Functor;
#if defined(PLY_WINDOWS)
DWORD WINAPI threadEntry(LPVOID param);
//----------------------------------------------------
// Windows implementation.
class Thread {
public:
HANDLE handle = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
Thread() = default;
Thread(Functor&lt;void()&gt;&amp;&amp; entry) {
run(std::move(entry));
}
Thread(Thread&amp;&amp; other) : handle{other.handle} {
other.handle = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
}
~Thread() {
if (this-&gt;handle != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
CloseHandle(this-&gt;handle);
}
}
Thread&amp; operator=(Thread&amp;&amp; other) {
this-&gt;~Thread();
new (this) Thread{std::move(other)};
return *this;
}
bool isValid() const {
return this-&gt;handle != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
}
void run(Functor&lt;void()&gt;&amp;&amp; entry);
void join() {
PLY_ASSERT(this-&gt;handle != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE);
WaitForSingleObject(this-&gt;handle, INFINITE);
CloseHandle(this-&gt;handle);
this-&gt;handle = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
}
};
#elif defined(PLY_POSIX)
void* threadEntry(void*);
//----------------------------------------------------
// POSIX implementation.
class Thread {
public:
pthread_t handle;
bool attached = false;
Thread() = default;
Thread(Functor&lt;void()&gt;&amp;&amp; entry) {
run(std::move(entry));
}
~Thread() {
if (this-&gt;attached) {
pthread_detach(this-&gt;handle);
}
}
bool isValid() {
return this-&gt;attached;
}
void run(Functor&lt;void()&gt;&amp;&amp; entry);
void join() {
PLY_ASSERT(this-&gt;attached);
void* retVal = nullptr;
pthread_join(this-&gt;handle, &amp;retVal);
this-&gt;attached = false;
}
};
#endif
inline Thread spawnThread(Functor&lt;void()&gt;&amp;&amp; entry) {
return Thread{std::move(entry)};
}
// ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄
// ██ ██ ▄██▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄▄▄
// ██▀▀██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██
// ██ ██ ▀█▄▄ ▀█▄▄█▀ ██ ██ ██ ██ ▀█▄▄▄
//
template &lt;typename T, int = sizeof(T)&gt;
class Atomic;
enum MemoryOrder { Relaxed, Acquire, Release, AcqRel };
#if defined(_MSC_VER)
//----------------------------------------------------
// MSVC implementation.
template &lt;typename T&gt;
class Atomic&lt;T, 4&gt; {
protected:
T value = 0;
public:
Atomic(T value = 0) : value{value} {
}
Atomic(const Atomic&lt;T, 4&gt;&amp; other) : value{other.load(Relaxed)} {
}
// Hide operator=
Atomic&amp; operator=(T) = delete;
// The copy assignment operator should only be called when there is no concurrent access to *this.
Atomic&amp; operator=(const Atomic&amp; other) {
this-&gt;value = other.load(Relaxed);
return *this;
}
T load(MemoryOrder order) const {
T result = *(volatile T*) &amp;this-&gt;value;
if (order != Relaxed) {
_ReadWriteBarrier();
}
return result;
}
void store(T value, MemoryOrder order) {
if (order != Relaxed) {
_ReadWriteBarrier();
}
*(volatile T*) &amp;this-&gt;value = value;
}
T compareExchange(T expected, T desired, MemoryOrder) {
return (T) _InterlockedCompareExchange((volatile long*) &amp;this-&gt;value, (long) desired, (long) expected);
}
T exchange(T desired, MemoryOrder) {
return (T) _InterlockedExchange((volatile long*) &amp;this-&gt;value, (long) desired);
}
T fetchAdd(T operand, MemoryOrder) {
return (T) _InterlockedExchangeAdd((volatile long*) &amp;this-&gt;value, (long) operand);
}
T fetchSub(T operand, MemoryOrder) {
return (T) _InterlockedExchangeAdd((volatile long*) &amp;this-&gt;value, -(long) operand);
}
T fetchAnd(T operand, MemoryOrder) {
return (T) _InterlockedAnd((volatile long*) &amp;this-&gt;value, (long) operand);
}
T fetchOr(T operand, MemoryOrder) {
return (T) _InterlockedOr((volatile long*) &amp;this-&gt;value, (long) operand);
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-08-09-486Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-08-09-486Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:08:09.486Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:08:09.486Z">2026-02-25T13:08:09.486Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Designing multithreaded heap tests</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-08-09-486Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-08-09-486Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:08:09.486Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:08:09.486Z">2026-02-25T13:08:09.486Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Designing multithreaded heap tests</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-08-09-623Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-08-09-623Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:08:09.623Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:08:09.623Z">2026-02-25T13:08:09.623Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="assistant-text"><p>Allocator core is stable under the existing suite. I’m now adding dedicated heap tests in <code>apps/base-tests/test-cases.cpp</code> for alignment, realloc grow/shrink, coalescing behavior, randomized stress, multithread smoke, and explicit <code>Heap::validate()</code> coverage.</p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-08-31-304Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-08-31-304Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:08:31.304Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:08:31.304Z">2026-02-25T13:08:31.304Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_rmynpilTuFYvy6IF3olnMc5I"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> apply_patch</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;value&#34;: &#34;*** Begin Patch\n*** Update File: apps/base-tests/test-cases.cpp\n@@\n TEST_CASE(\&#34;Heap::setOutOfMemoryHandler\&#34;) {\n u32 outOfMemoryHandlerCallCount = 0;\n Heap::setOutOfMemoryHandler([&amp;]() { outOfMemoryHandlerCallCount++; });\n@@\n \n Heap::setOutOfMemoryHandler({});\n }\n \n+TEST_CASE(\&#34;Heap::allocAligned\&#34;) {\n+ const u32 alignments[] = {16, 32, 64, 128, 256};\n+ for (u32 alignment : alignments) {\n+ void* ptr = Heap::allocAligned(113, alignment);\n+ check(ptr != nullptr);\n+ check(isAlignedToPowerOf2((u64) (uptr) ptr, (u64) alignment));\n+ if (ptr) {\n+ memset(ptr, 0x5A, 113);\n+ Heap::free(ptr);\n+ }\n+ }\n+ Heap::validate();\n+}\n+\n+TEST_CASE(\&#34;Heap::realloc grow/shrink\&#34;) {\n+ u32 initialBytes = 96;\n+ u8* ptr = (u8*) Heap::alloc(initialBytes);\n+ check(ptr != nullptr);\n+ if (!ptr) {\n+ return;\n+ }\n+\n+ for (u32 i = 0; i &lt; initialBytes; i++) {\n+ ptr[i] = (u8) (i ^ 0xA5);\n+ }\n+\n+ u32 grownBytes = 2048;\n+ u8* grown = (u8*) Heap::realloc(ptr, grownBytes);\n+ check(grown != nullptr);\n+ if (!grown) {\n+ Heap::free(ptr);\n+ return;\n+ }\n+ for (u32 i = 0; i &lt; initialBytes; i++) {\n+ check(grown[i] == (u8) (i ^ 0xA5));\n+ }\n+\n+ u32 shrunkBytes = 64;\n+ u8* shrunk = (u8*) Heap::realloc(grown, shrunkBytes);\n+ check(shrunk != nullptr);\n+ if (!shrunk) {\n+ Heap::free(grown);\n+ return;\n+ }\n+ for (u32 i = 0; i &lt; shrunkBytes; i++) {\n+ check(shrunk[i] == (u8) (i ^ 0xA5));\n+ }\n+\n+ Heap::free(shrunk);\n+ Heap::validate();\n+}\n+\n+TEST_CASE(\&#34;Heap coalescing\&#34;) {\n+ void* a = Heap::alloc(120);\n+ void* b = Heap::alloc(120);\n+ void* c = Heap::alloc(120);\n+ check(a != nullptr);\n+ check(b != nullptr);\n+ check(c != nullptr);\n+ if (!(a &amp;&amp; b &amp;&amp; c)) {\n+ Heap::free(a);\n+ Heap::free(b);\n+ Heap::free(c);\n+ return;\n+ }\n+\n+ Heap::free(a);\n+ Heap::free(b);\n+ void* d = Heap::alloc(220);\n+ check(d != nullptr);\n+ check(d == a);\n+\n+ Heap::free(d);\n+ Heap::free(c);\n+ Heap::validate();\n+}\n+\n+TEST_CASE(\&#34;Heap stress\&#34;) {\n+ struct Block {\n+ void* ptr = nullptr;\n+ u32 numBytes = 0;\n+ };\n+\n+ Random rand{0x12345678};\n+ Array&lt;Block&gt; blocks;\n+ for (u32 i = 0; i &lt; 4000; i++) {\n+ u32 action = rand.generateU32() % 3;\n+ if (blocks.isEmpty() || action == 0) {\n+ u32 numBytes = (rand.generateU32() % 4096) + 1;\n+ if ((rand.generateU32() % 64) == 0) {\n+ numBytes += 256 * 1024;\n+ }\n+ void* ptr = Heap::alloc(numBytes);\n+ check(ptr != nullptr);\n+ if (ptr) {\n+ blocks.append({ptr, numBytes});\n+ }\n+ } else if (action == 1) {\n+ u32 index = rand.generateU32() % blocks.numItems();\n+ u32 newBytes = (rand.generateU32() % 4096) + 1;\n+ if ((rand.generateU32() % 64) == 0) {\n+ newBytes += 256 * 1024;\n+ }\n+ void* ptr = Heap::realloc(blocks[index].ptr, newBytes);\n+ check(ptr != nullptr);\n+ if (ptr) {\n+ blocks[index].ptr = ptr;\n+ blocks[index].numBytes = newBytes;\n+ }\n+ } else {\n+ u32 index = rand.generateU32() % blocks.numItems();\n+ Heap::free(blocks[index].ptr);\n+ blocks.eraseQuick(index);\n+ }\n+\n+ if ((i % 128) == 0) {\n+ Heap::validate();\n+ }\n+ }\n+\n+ for (const Block&amp; block : blocks) {\n+ Heap::free(block.ptr);\n+ }\n+ Heap::validate();\n+}\n+\n+TEST_CASE(\&#34;Heap multithread smoke\&#34;) {\n+ Atomic&lt;u32&gt; failures = 0;\n+ static constexpr u32 NumThreads = 4;\n+ static constexpr u32 Iterations = 1200;\n+ Thread threads[NumThreads];\n+\n+ for (u32 t = 0; t &lt; NumThreads; t++) {\n+ threads[t].run([&amp;failures, t]() {\n+ Random rand{t + 1};\n+ Array&lt;void*&gt; ptrs;\n+ for (u32 i = 0; i &lt; Iterations; i++) {\n+ if (ptrs.isEmpty() || (rand.generateU32() % 2) == 0) {\n+ u32 numBytes = (rand.generateU32() % 2048) + 1;\n+ void* ptr = Heap::alloc(numBytes);\n+ if (ptr) {\n+ ptrs.append(ptr);\n+ } else {\n+ failures.fetchAdd(1, AcqRel);\n+ }\n+ } else {\n+ u32 index = rand.generateU32() % ptrs.numItems();\n+ Heap::free(ptrs[index]);\n+ ptrs.eraseQuick(index);\n+ }\n+ }\n+ for (void* ptr : ptrs) {\n+ Heap::free(ptr);\n+ }\n+ });\n+ }\n+ for (u32 t = 0; t &lt; NumThreads; t++) {\n+ threads[t].join();\n+ }\n+\n+ check(failures.load(Acquire) == 0);\n+ Heap::validate();\n+}\n+\n+TEST_CASE(\&#34;Heap::validate\&#34;) {\n+ Heap::validate();\n+ void* ptr = Heap::alloc(256);\n+ check(ptr != nullptr);\n+ Heap::validate();\n+ Heap::free(ptr);\n+ Heap::validate();\n+}\n+\n // ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄\n // ██ ██ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ██▄▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄\n // ██▀▀██ ▄▄▄██ ▀█▄▄▄ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██\n*** End Patch\n&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-08-31-362Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-08-31-362Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:08:31.362Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:08:31.362Z">2026-02-25T13:08:31.362Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>{&quot;output&quot;:&quot;Success. Updated the following files:\nM apps/base-tests/test-cases.cpp\n&quot;,&quot;metadata&quot;:{&quot;exit_code&quot;:0,&quot;duration_seconds&quot;:0.0}}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-08-36-813Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-08-36-813Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:08:36.813Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:08:36.813Z">2026-02-25T13:08:36.813Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Planning heap design docs</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-08-36-813Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-08-36-813Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:08:36.813Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:08:36.813Z">2026-02-25T13:08:36.813Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Planning heap design docs</strong></p></div></div></div>
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<div class="assistant-text"><p>I’ve added allocator-focused tests. Next I’m updating documentation: adding <code>docs/base/heap-design.md</code>, linking it under <code>Memory</code> in <code>docs/contents.json</code>, and updating <code>docs/base/memory.md</code> to document <code>PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR</code> and the new debug validation hooks.</p></div></div></div>
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&#34;value&#34;: &#34;*** Begin Patch\n*** Update File: docs/contents.json\n@@\n- {\&#34;title\&#34;: \&#34;Memory\&#34;, \&#34;path\&#34;: \&#34;base/memory\&#34;},\n+ {\&#34;title\&#34;: \&#34;Memory\&#34;, \&#34;path\&#34;: \&#34;base/memory\&#34;, \&#34;children\&#34;: [\n+ {\&#34;title\&#34;: \&#34;Heap Design\&#34;, \&#34;path\&#34;: \&#34;base/heap-design\&#34;}\n+ ]},\n*** End Patch\n&#34;
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<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Scoping heap design doc structure</strong></p></div></div></div>
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<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Scoping heap design doc structure</strong></p></div></div></div>
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&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;sed -n &#39;1,120p&#39; docs/base/threads.md&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
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{title text=&quot;Threads&quot; include=&quot;ply-base.h&quot; namespace=&quot;ply&quot;}
Plywood provides portable threading primitives that wrap the platform&#x27;s native threading API. These include threads, mutexes, condition variables, and atomic operations.
{apiSummary}
TID getCurrentThreadId()
void sleepMillis(u32 millis)
{/apiSummary}
{apiDescriptions}
TID getCurrentThreadId()
--
Returns the operating system&#x27;s thread ID for the current thread. See also `getCurrentProcessId`.
&gt;&gt;
void sleepMillis(u32 millis)
--
Suspends the current thread for the specified number of milliseconds.
{/apiDescriptions}
## `Thread`
A `Thread` represents a separate thread of execution.
{apiSummary class=Thread}
bool isValid()
void run&lt;Callable&gt;(Callable&amp; callable)
void join()
{/apiSummary}
{apiDescriptions class=Thread}
bool isValid()
--
Returns `true` if the thread object represents a running or joinable thread.
&gt;&gt;
void run&lt;Callable&gt;(Callable&amp; callable)
--
Starts a new thread that executes the given callable object. The callable can be a lambda, functor, or any object with `operator()`.
&gt;&gt;
void join()
--
Blocks until the thread finishes execution. Must be called before the `Thread` object is destroyed.
{/apiDescriptions}
## `Atomic`
`Atomic` provides atomic operations on integer types with explicit memory ordering via a `MemoryOrder` argument. Must be aligned to the size of its template argument.
```
enum MemoryOrder {
Relaxed,
Acquire,
Release,
AcqRel
};
```
{apiSummary class=Atomic}
Atomic(T value = 0)
Atomic(const Atomic&lt;T&gt;&amp; other)
void operator=(const Atomic&lt;T&gt;&amp; other)
T load(MemoryOrder order) const
void store(T value, MemoryOrder order)
T compareExchange(T expected, T desired, MemoryOrder order)
T exchange(T desired, MemoryOrder order)
T fetchAdd(T operand, MemoryOrder order)
T fetchSub(T operand, MemoryOrder order)
T fetchAnd(T operand, MemoryOrder order)
T fetchOr(T operand, MemoryOrder order)
{/apiSummary}
{apiDescriptions class=Atomic}
Atomic(T value = 0)
--
Constructs an atomic with the given initial value.
&gt;&gt;
Atomic(const Atomic&lt;T&gt;&amp; other)
--
Copy constructor with no memory ordering guarantees.
&gt;&gt;
void operator=(const Atomic&lt;T&gt;&amp; other)
--
Copy assignment with no memory ordering guarantees. Should only be called when there is no concurrent access to the destination.
&gt;&gt;
T load(MemoryOrder order) const
--
Atomically reads the value with the specified memory order.
&gt;&gt;
void store(T value, MemoryOrder order)
--
Atomically writes the value with the specified memory order.
&gt;&gt;
T compareExchange(T expected, T desired, MemoryOrder order)
--
If the current value equals `expected`, replaces it with `desired`. Returns the previous value.
&gt;&gt;
T exchange(T desired, MemoryOrder order)
--
Atomically replaces the value and returns the previous value.
&gt;&gt;
T fetchAdd(T operand, MemoryOrder order)
--
Atomically adds `operand` to the value and returns the previous value.
&gt;&gt;
T fetchSub(T operand, MemoryOrder order)
--
Atomically subtracts `operand` from the value and returns the previous value.
&gt;&gt;
T fetchAnd(T operand, MemoryOrder order)
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&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;cat &gt; docs/base/heap-design.md &lt;&lt;&#39;EOF&#39;\n{title text=\&#34;Heap Design\&#34; include=\&#34;ply-base.h\&#34; namespace=\&#34;ply\&#34;}\n\nThis page describes the internal design of Plywood&#39;s bespoke heap allocator (`PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR=1`).\nIt is an implementation note for maintainers and contributors.\n\n## Internal Heap State\n\nThe allocator is implemented by an internal `HeapImpl` object. Its global state is conceptually:\n\n```cpp\nstruct HeapState {\n Mutex mutex;\n\n Segment* segmentHead;\n Segment* segmentTail;\n\n Chunk* smallBins[32];\n Chunk* treeBins[32];\n u32 smallMap;\n u32 treeMap;\n\n Chunk* designatedVictim;\n Chunk* top;\n\n DirectChunk* directHead;\n\n Heap::Stats stats;\n};\n```\n\n### Linked list of virtual memory segments allocated from the underlying OS\n\n`segmentHead`/`segmentTail` track all regular heap segments allocated with `VirtualMemory::allocRegion`.\nEach segment contains a sequence of boundary-tag chunks plus an in-use fence-post header at the end.\n\n### Table of small bins\n\n`smallBins[32]` stores free chunks with sizes `&lt; 256` bytes.\nEach bin is a doubly linked list. Size classes are 8-byte wide.\n\n### Table of tree bins\n\n`treeBins[32]` stores free chunks with sizes `&gt;= 256` bytes.\nEach tree is ordered by `(chunkSize, address)` and searched with best-fit logic.\n\n### Linked list of direct-mapped chunks\n\n`directHead` tracks large allocations that bypass regular segments and map memory directly from the OS.\nThese chunks are marked with a dedicated boundary-tag flag and are released with `VirtualMemory::freeRegion`.\n\n### Internal counters\n\n`stats.totalBytesConsumed` is the sum of in-use chunk sizes (including chunk headers).\n`stats.totalSystemMemoryUsed` is the total currently mapped/committed memory used by segments and direct maps.\n\n## Virtual Memory Segments\n\nA regular segment is carved into sequential chunks:\n\n```text\n[Segment header][chunk][chunk][chunk]...[fence header]\n```\n\nChunk headers use boundary tags:\n\n```cpp\nstruct ChunkHeader {\n uptr prevFoot; // size of previous chunk when previous chunk is free\n uptr head; // chunk size plus in-use flags\n};\n\nstruct Chunk : ChunkHeader {\n // Free-chunk links:\n // - small-bin doubly-linked list pointers, or\n // - tree parent/left/right pointers\n};\n```\n\n- Chunks are contiguous in memory and navigated by `size` fields.\n- `prevFoot` plus the `prev-in-use` bit allows O(1) backward coalescing.\n- Freeing is immediately coalescing: if adjacent chunks are free, they are merged at once.\n- The final header in a segment is a permanently in-use fence post.\n\n## How Allocation Works\n\nAllocation routes through one of four paths: small bins, designated victim, tree bins, or top chunk. Very large requests use direct mapping.\n\n### Pseudocode\n\n```text\nalloc(numBytes):\n size = align_and_add_header(numBytes)\n\n if size &gt;= direct_map_threshold:\n return direct_map_alloc(size)\n\n chunk = find_small_bin_fit(size)\n if not chunk:\n chunk = use_designated_victim(size)\n if not chunk:\n chunk = find_best_fit_tree_chunk(size)\n if not chunk:\n chunk = split_from_top_or_grow_segments(size)\n\n return chunk_to_mem(chunk)\n```\n\n### Small-bin codepath\n\n- For requests `&lt; 256` bytes, small bins are checked first.\n- If a suitable free chunk is found, it is unlinked.\n- If the chunk is larger than needed, the tail remainder is split and kept as the designated-victim chunk.\n\n### Tree-bin codepath\n\n- For `&gt;= 256` bytes, the allocator does a best-fit tree search.\n- The chosen node is removed from its tree.\n- The chunk is split if needed, and remainders are routed through designated-victim storage.\n\n### Direct-mapped codepath\n\n- Large requests skip bins and segment space.\n- A dedicated mapping is created with `VirtualMemory::allocRegion`.\n- The mapped chunk is linked into `directHead` and marked `direct-mapped`.\n- On free, it is unlinked and returned directly to the OS.\n\n### Top-chunk codepath\n\n- `top` is the wilderness chunk at the end of one segment.\n- If no bin candidate exists, allocation splits `top`.\n- If `top` is too small, a new segment is mapped and installed as the new wilderness source.\n\n## Notes for Junior Programmers\n\n- Boundary tags are what make constant-time coalescing possible.\n- Immediate coalescing avoids long-lived adjacent free chunks, reducing fragmentation pressure.\n- Small bins are fast for common tiny allocations; tree bins control fragmentation for larger sizes.\n- The designated-victim chunk is a hot free chunk cache that avoids unnecessary bin traffic.\n- `Heap::validate()` is your first debugging tool for corruption: call it frequently while narrowing bugs.\nEOF&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
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Wall time: 0.0509 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 0
Output:
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<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Updating documentation with new functions</strong></p></div></div></div>
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&#34;value&#34;: &#34;*** Begin Patch\n*** Update File: docs/base/memory.md\n@@\n-The Plywood heap is separate from the C Standard Library&#39;s heap. Both heaps can coexist in the same program, but memory allocated from a specific heap must always be freed using the same heap. Plywood&#39;s heap implementation uses [dlmalloc](https://gee.cs.oswego.edu/dl/html/malloc.html) under the hood.\n+The Plywood heap is separate from the C Standard Library&#39;s heap. Both heaps can coexist in the same program, but\n+memory allocated from a specific heap must always be freed using the same heap.\n+\n+Heap backend selection is controlled by `PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR`:\n+\n+- `PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR=1` (default): Uses Plywood&#39;s bespoke allocator in `ply::HeapImpl`.\n+- `PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR=0`: Uses the legacy [dlmalloc](https://gee.cs.oswego.edu/dl/html/malloc.html) backend.\n+\n+For internal implementation details of the bespoke allocator, see [Heap Design](/docs/base/heap-design).\n@@\n static void validate()\n --\n-Validates the heap&#39;s internal consistency. Useful for debugging. Will force an immediate crash if the heap is corrupted, which is usually caused by a memory overrun or dangling pointer. Inserting calls to `validate` can help track down the cause of the corruption.\n+Validates the heap&#39;s internal consistency. Useful for debugging. Will force an immediate crash if the heap is\n+corrupted, which is usually caused by a memory overrun or dangling pointer. Inserting calls to `validate` can help\n+track down the cause of the corruption.\n+\n+`validate` performs checks only when `PLY_WITH_ASSERTS` is enabled.\n {/apiDescriptions}\n*** End Patch\n&#34;
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&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;sed -n &#39;1,120p&#39; docs/configuration.md&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
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Wall time: 0.0512 seconds
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Original token count: 180
Output:
# Configuration Options
You can customize Plywood by defining the following preprocessor macros in your project&#x27;s build settings.
{table caption=&quot;Configuration Options&quot;}
`PLY_CONFIG_FILE` | The path to a file that will be automatically included by [`&lt;ply-base.h&gt;`](/docs/common). Additional configuration options can be put here.
`PLY_WITH_ASSERTS` | Enables [assertions](/docs/base/macros#assertions). Default is 1 in debug builds, 0 otherwise.
`PLY_WITH_DIRECTORY_WATCHER` | Enables the [`DirectoryWatcher`](/docs/base/filesystem#directory-watcher). Default is 0.
`PLY_OVERRIDE_NEW` | Overrides the C++ `new` and `delete` operators to allocate from the [Plywood heap](/docs/base/memory#heap). Default is 1.
{/table}
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<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-09-24-679Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-09-24-679Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:09:24.679Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:09:24.679Z">2026-02-25T13:09:24.679Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Adding allocator feature flag</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-09-26-835Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-09-26-835Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:09:26.835Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:09:26.835Z">2026-02-25T13:09:26.835Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_fdbCX7yF6gyp3qEFVpnIwmmJ"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> apply_patch</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;value&#34;: &#34;*** Begin Patch\n*** Update File: docs/configuration.md\n@@\n `PLY_WITH_ASSERTS` | Enables [assertions](/docs/base/macros#assertions). Default is 1 in debug builds, 0 otherwise.\n `PLY_WITH_DIRECTORY_WATCHER` | Enables the [`DirectoryWatcher`](/docs/base/filesystem#directory-watcher). Default is 0.\n `PLY_OVERRIDE_NEW` | Overrides the C++ `new` and `delete` operators to allocate from the [Plywood heap](/docs/base/memory#heap). Default is 1.\n+`PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR` | Selects the heap backend. `1` uses Plywood&#39;s bespoke allocator, `0` uses legacy dlmalloc. Default is 1.\n {/table}\n*** End Patch\n&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-09-26-920Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-09-26-920Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:09:26.920Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:09:26.920Z">2026-02-25T13:09:26.920Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>{&quot;output&quot;:&quot;Success. Updated the following files:\nM docs/configuration.md\n&quot;,&quot;metadata&quot;:{&quot;exit_code&quot;:0,&quot;duration_seconds&quot;:0.0}}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-09-32-221Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-09-32-221Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:09:32.221Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:09:32.221Z">2026-02-25T13:09:32.221Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Testing compile-time switch and debug macros</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-09-32-221Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-09-32-221Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:09:32.221Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:09:32.221Z">2026-02-25T13:09:32.221Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Testing compile-time switch and debug macros</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-09-32-585Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-09-32-585Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:09:32.585Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:09:32.585Z">2026-02-25T13:09:32.585Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="assistant-text"><p>Docs and new tests are added. I’m running <code>base-tests</code> again with the new allocator and expanded heap test cases, then I’ll run old/new comparative builds for both <code>base-tests</code> and <code>fragmentation-test</code> and summarize counter differences.</p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-09-33-251Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-09-33-251Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:09:33.251Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:09:33.251Z">2026-02-25T13:09:33.251Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_KlY83N69yEpLHzjoe8frLNax"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;cmake --build apps/base-tests/build-newalloc -j4 &amp;&amp; apps/base-tests/build-newalloc/base-tests; echo EXIT:$?&#34;,
&#34;yield_time_ms&#34;: 120000,
&#34;max_output_tokens&#34;: 12000
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-09-35-386Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-09-35-386Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:09:35.386Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:09:35.386Z">2026-02-25T13:09:35.386Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 56f82a
Wall time: 1.9808 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 118
Output:
[ 57%] Built target plywood
[ 71%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/base-tests.dir/test-cases.cpp.o
[ 85%] Linking CXX executable base-tests
[100%] Built target base-tests
[1/101] isRepresentable... success
[2/101] String::fromDateTime... success
[3/101] Thread join... success
[4/101] Heap::getStats... success
[5/101] Heap::setOutOfMemoryHandler... success
/bin/bash: line 1: 136088 Segmentation fault (core dumped) apps/base-tests/build-newalloc/base-tests
EXIT:139
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-10-25-613Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-10-25-613Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:10:25.613Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:10:25.613Z">2026-02-25T13:10:25.613Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Redesigning aligned allocation wrapper</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-10-25-613Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-10-25-613Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:10:25.613Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:10:25.613Z">2026-02-25T13:10:25.613Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Redesigning aligned allocation wrapper</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-10-28-071Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-10-28-071Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:10:28.071Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:10:28.071Z">2026-02-25T13:10:28.071Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_JpIpV2wpeBXVLZrfAivtGTKM"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> apply_patch</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;value&#34;: &#34;*** Begin Patch\n*** Update File: src/ply-base.cpp\n@@\n // Tracks a large direct-mapped chunk and its backing virtual-memory mapping.\n struct DirectChunk {\n DirectChunk* prev = nullptr;\n DirectChunk* next = nullptr;\n uptr mappingSize = 0;\n Chunk chunk;\n };\n+\n+ // Tracks metadata for pointers returned from Heap::allocAligned.\n+ struct AlignedAllocHeader {\n+ AlignedAllocHeader* prev = nullptr;\n+ AlignedAllocHeader* next = nullptr;\n+ void* alignedPtr = nullptr;\n+ void* basePtr = nullptr;\n+ uptr requestedBytes = 0;\n+ };\n@@\n // Linked list of direct-mapped large chunks.\n DirectChunk* directHead = nullptr;\n+ // Linked list of explicitly aligned allocations.\n+ AlignedAllocHeader* alignedHead = nullptr;\n // Cached allocator counters returned by Heap::getStats().\n Heap::Stats stats;\n*** End Patch\n&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-10-28-157Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-10-28-157Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:10:28.157Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:10:28.157Z">2026-02-25T13:10:28.157Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>{&quot;output&quot;:&quot;Success. Updated the following files:\nM src/ply-base.cpp\n&quot;,&quot;metadata&quot;:{&quot;exit_code&quot;:0,&quot;duration_seconds&quot;:0.0}}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-10-30-329Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-10-30-329Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:10:30.329Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:10:30.329Z">2026-02-25T13:10:30.329Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Planning helper functions insertion</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-10-30-329Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-10-30-329Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:10:30.329Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:10:30.329Z">2026-02-25T13:10:30.329Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Planning helper functions insertion</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-10-35-449Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-10-35-449Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:10:35.449Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:10:35.449Z">2026-02-25T13:10:35.449Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_Fs7reGdMeXB6PflXcEN95FRo"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> apply_patch</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;value&#34;: &#34;*** Begin Patch\n*** Update File: src/ply-base.cpp\n@@\n //--------------------------------------------------------------------\n // 9. Internal allocation and free functions that wrap all of the above\n //--------------------------------------------------------------------\n \n+ // Looks up aligned-allocation metadata for an exact user pointer.\n+ AlignedAllocHeader* findAlignedHeader(void* ptr) const {\n+ for (AlignedAllocHeader* header = this-&gt;alignedHead; header; header = header-&gt;next) {\n+ if (header-&gt;alignedPtr == ptr) {\n+ return header;\n+ }\n+ }\n+ return nullptr;\n+ }\n+\n+ // Adds a header to the aligned-allocation metadata list.\n+ void linkAlignedHeader(AlignedAllocHeader* header) {\n+ header-&gt;prev = nullptr;\n+ header-&gt;next = this-&gt;alignedHead;\n+ if (this-&gt;alignedHead) {\n+ this-&gt;alignedHead-&gt;prev = header;\n+ }\n+ this-&gt;alignedHead = header;\n+ }\n+\n+ // Removes a header from the aligned-allocation metadata list.\n+ void unlinkAlignedHeader(AlignedAllocHeader* header) {\n+ if (header-&gt;prev) {\n+ header-&gt;prev-&gt;next = header-&gt;next;\n+ } else {\n+ this-&gt;alignedHead = header-&gt;next;\n+ }\n+ if (header-&gt;next) {\n+ header-&gt;next-&gt;prev = header-&gt;prev;\n+ }\n+ header-&gt;prev = nullptr;\n+ header-&gt;next = nullptr;\n+ }\n+\n // Places a single free chunk in designated-victim storage.\n void storeDesignatedVictim(Chunk* chunk) {\n PLY_ASSERT(!chunk-&gt;getInUse());\n if (this-&gt;designatedVictim) {\n*** End Patch\n&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-10-35-535Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-10-35-535Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:10:35.535Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:10:35.535Z">2026-02-25T13:10:35.535Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>{&quot;output&quot;:&quot;Success. Updated the following files:\nM src/ply-base.cpp\n&quot;,&quot;metadata&quot;:{&quot;exit_code&quot;:0,&quot;duration_seconds&quot;:0.0}}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-10-39-270Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-10-39-270Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:10:39.270Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:10:39.270Z">2026-02-25T13:10:39.270Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Patching freeLocked for alignment detection</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-10-39-270Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-10-39-270Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:10:39.270Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:10:39.270Z">2026-02-25T13:10:39.270Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Patching freeLocked for alignment detection</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-10-40-499Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-10-40-499Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:10:40.499Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:10:40.499Z">2026-02-25T13:10:40.499Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_Y0UaLEpRkJlmWYtjxvuI7zwu"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> apply_patch</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;value&#34;: &#34;*** Begin Patch\n*** Update File: src/ply-base.cpp\n@@\n void freeLocked(void* ptr) {\n if (!ptr) {\n return;\n }\n+ if (AlignedAllocHeader* header = findAlignedHeader(ptr)) {\n+ ptr = header-&gt;basePtr;\n+ unlinkAlignedHeader(header);\n+ }\n Chunk* chunk = Chunk::chunkFromMem(ptr);\n if (chunk-&gt;getDirectMapped()) {\n freeDirectMappedChunk(chunk);\n return;\n }\n*** End Patch\n&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-10-40-580Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-10-40-580Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:10:40.580Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:10:40.580Z">2026-02-25T13:10:40.580Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>{&quot;output&quot;:&quot;Success. Updated the following files:\nM src/ply-base.cpp\n&quot;,&quot;metadata&quot;:{&quot;exit_code&quot;:0,&quot;duration_seconds&quot;:0.0}}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-10-42-844Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-10-42-844Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:10:42.844Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:10:42.844Z">2026-02-25T13:10:42.844Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Updating reallocLocked for alignment</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-10-42-844Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-10-42-844Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:10:42.844Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:10:42.844Z">2026-02-25T13:10:42.844Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Updating reallocLocked for alignment</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-10-45-290Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-10-45-290Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:10:45.290Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:10:45.290Z">2026-02-25T13:10:45.290Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_sqcVf499XxzKZCUnBCp28Iul"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> apply_patch</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;value&#34;: &#34;*** Begin Patch\n*** Update File: src/ply-base.cpp\n@@\n void* reallocLocked(void* ptr, uptr numBytes) {\n if (!ptr) {\n return allocLocked(numBytes);\n }\n if (numBytes == 0) {\n freeLocked(ptr);\n return nullptr;\n }\n+\n+ if (AlignedAllocHeader* header = findAlignedHeader(ptr)) {\n+ void* newPtr = allocLocked(numBytes);\n+ if (!newPtr) {\n+ return nullptr;\n+ }\n+ memcpy(newPtr, ptr, min(header-&gt;requestedBytes, numBytes));\n+ void* basePtr = header-&gt;basePtr;\n+ unlinkAlignedHeader(header);\n+ freeLocked(basePtr);\n+ return newPtr;\n+ }\n \n Chunk* chunk = Chunk::chunkFromMem(ptr);\n uptr neededSize = requestToChunkSize(numBytes);\n if (neededSize == 0) {\n return nullptr;\n*** End Patch\n&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-10-45-390Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-10-45-390Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:10:45.390Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:10:45.390Z">2026-02-25T13:10:45.390Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>{&quot;output&quot;:&quot;Success. Updated the following files:\nM src/ply-base.cpp\n&quot;,&quot;metadata&quot;:{&quot;exit_code&quot;:0,&quot;duration_seconds&quot;:0.0}}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-10-48-053Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-10-48-053Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:10:48.053Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:10:48.053Z">2026-02-25T13:10:48.053Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Refactoring aligned allocation implementation</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-10-48-054Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-10-48-054Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:10:48.054Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:10:48.054Z">2026-02-25T13:10:48.054Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Refactoring aligned allocation implementation</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-10-48-258Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-10-48-258Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:10:48.258Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:10:48.258Z">2026-02-25T13:10:48.258Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_g0F68UqN9YfIBATTcB95xwVK"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;nl -ba src/ply-base.cpp | sed -n &#39;1380,1545p&#39;&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-10-48-354Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-10-48-354Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:10:48.354Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:10:48.354Z">2026-02-25T13:10:48.354Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 6732c4
Wall time: 0.0505 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 1854
Output:
1380 if (neededSize == 0) {
1381 return nullptr;
1382 }
1383 if (neededSize &gt;= DirectMapThreshold) {
1384 return allocateDirectMappedChunk(neededSize);
1385 }
1386 Chunk* chunk = allocRegularChunk(neededSize);
1387 return chunk ? chunk-&gt;memFromChunk() : nullptr;
1388 }
1389
1390 // Frees a chunk allocated from either segment storage or direct mapping.
1391 void freeLocked(void* ptr) {
1392 if (!ptr) {
1393 return;
1394 }
1395 if (AlignedAllocHeader* header = findAlignedHeader(ptr)) {
1396 ptr = header-&gt;basePtr;
1397 unlinkAlignedHeader(header);
1398 }
1399 Chunk* chunk = Chunk::chunkFromMem(ptr);
1400 if (chunk-&gt;getDirectMapped()) {
1401 freeDirectMappedChunk(chunk);
1402 return;
1403 }
1404 this-&gt;stats.totalBytesConsumed -= chunk-&gt;getSize();
1405 writeFreeChunkHeader(chunk, chunk-&gt;getSize(), chunk-&gt;getPrevInUse());
1406 recycleFreeChunk(chunk);
1407 }
1408
1409 // Reallocates a chunk while preserving existing contents.
1410 void* reallocLocked(void* ptr, uptr numBytes) {
1411 if (!ptr) {
1412 return allocLocked(numBytes);
1413 }
1414 if (numBytes == 0) {
1415 freeLocked(ptr);
1416 return nullptr;
1417 }
1418
1419 if (AlignedAllocHeader* header = findAlignedHeader(ptr)) {
1420 void* newPtr = allocLocked(numBytes);
1421 if (!newPtr) {
1422 return nullptr;
1423 }
1424 memcpy(newPtr, ptr, min(header-&gt;requestedBytes, numBytes));
1425 void* basePtr = header-&gt;basePtr;
1426 unlinkAlignedHeader(header);
1427 freeLocked(basePtr);
1428 return newPtr;
1429 }
1430
1431 Chunk* chunk = Chunk::chunkFromMem(ptr);
1432 uptr neededSize = requestToChunkSize(numBytes);
1433 if (neededSize == 0) {
1434 return nullptr;
1435 }
1436
1437 if (chunk-&gt;getDirectMapped()) {
1438 uptr oldPayloadBytes = chunk-&gt;getSize() - sizeof(ChunkHeader);
1439 if (neededSize &lt;= chunk-&gt;getSize()) {
1440 uptr oldSize = chunk-&gt;getSize();
1441 chunk-&gt;setSizeAndFlags(neededSize, true, true, true);
1442 this-&gt;stats.totalBytesConsumed -= (oldSize - neededSize);
1443 return ptr;
1444 }
1445 void* newPtr = allocLocked(numBytes);
1446 if (!newPtr) {
1447 return nullptr;
1448 }
1449 memcpy(newPtr, ptr, min(oldPayloadBytes, numBytes));
1450 freeDirectMappedChunk(chunk);
1451 return newPtr;
1452 }
1453
1454 uptr oldSize = chunk-&gt;getSize();
1455 uptr oldPayloadBytes = oldSize - sizeof(ChunkHeader);
1456 if (neededSize &lt;= oldSize) {
1457 uptr remainderBytes = oldSize - neededSize;
1458 if (remainderBytes &gt;= minChunkSize()) {
1459 bool prevInUse = chunk-&gt;getPrevInUse();
1460 writeInUseChunkHeader(chunk, neededSize, prevInUse);
1461 Chunk* remainder = (Chunk*) (((u8*) chunk) + neededSize);
1462 writeFreeChunkHeader(remainder, remainderBytes, true);
1463 this-&gt;stats.totalBytesConsumed -= remainderBytes;
1464 recycleFreeChunk(remainder);
1465 }
1466 return ptr;
1467 }
1468
1469 ChunkHeader* nextHeader = chunk-&gt;nextHeader();
1470 if ((nextHeader-&gt;head &amp; InUseBit) == 0) {
1471 Chunk* next = (Chunk*) nextHeader;
1472 uptr combined = oldSize + next-&gt;getSize();
1473 if (combined &gt;= neededSize) {
1474 if (next == this-&gt;designatedVictim) {
1475 this-&gt;designatedVictim = nullptr;
1476 } else if (next == this-&gt;top) {
1477 this-&gt;top = nullptr;
1478 } else {
1479 unlinkBinnedChunk(next);
1480 }
1481
1482 uptr remainderBytes = combined - neededSize;
1483 bool prevInUse = chunk-&gt;getPrevInUse();
1484 if (remainderBytes &gt;= minChunkSize()) {
1485 writeInUseChunkHeader(chunk, neededSize, prevInUse);
1486 Chunk* remainder = (Chunk*) (((u8*) chunk) + neededSize);
1487 writeFreeChunkHeader(remainder, remainderBytes, true);
1488 recycleFreeChunk(remainder);
1489 this-&gt;stats.totalBytesConsumed += (neededSize - oldSize);
1490 } else {
1491 writeInUseChunkHeader(chunk, combined, prevInUse);
1492 this-&gt;stats.totalBytesConsumed += (combined - oldSize);
1493 }
1494 return ptr;
1495 }
1496 }
1497
1498 void* newPtr = allocLocked(numBytes);
1499 if (!newPtr) {
1500 return nullptr;
1501 }
1502 memcpy(newPtr, ptr, min(oldPayloadBytes, numBytes));
1503 freeLocked(ptr);
1504 return newPtr;
1505 }
1506
1507 // Allocates a chunk with explicit alignment by carving from a larger temporary allocation.
1508 void* allocAlignedLocked(uptr numBytes, u32 alignment) {
1509 ensureInitialized();
1510 if (alignment &lt; ChunkAlignment) {
1511 alignment = numericCast&lt;u32&gt;(ChunkAlignment);
1512 } else {
1513 PLY_ASSERT(isPowerOf2(alignment));
1514 }
1515 if (alignment == ChunkAlignment) {
1516 return allocLocked(numBytes);
1517 }
1518
1519 uptr neededSize = requestToChunkSize(numBytes);
1520 if (neededSize == 0) {
1521 return nullptr;
1522 }
1523 if (neededSize &gt; getMaxValue&lt;uptr&gt;() - alignment - minChunkSize()) {
1524 return nullptr;
1525 }
1526 uptr oversized = neededSize + alignment + minChunkSize();
1527 Chunk* raw = allocRegularChunk(oversized);
1528 if (!raw) {
1529 return nullptr;
1530 }
1531
1532 uptr rawSize = raw-&gt;getSize();
1533 uptr alignedMemAddr = uptr(alignToPowerOf2((u64) uptr(raw-&gt;memFromChunk()), (u64) alignment));
1534 Chunk* alignedChunk = Chunk::chunkFromMem((void*) alignedMemAddr);
1535 uptr leadBytes = uptr((u8*) alignedChunk - (u8*) raw);
1536 if (leadBytes &lt; minChunkSize()) {
1537 alignedMemAddr += alignment;
1538 alignedChunk = Chunk::chunkFromMem((void*) alignedMemAddr);
1539 leadBytes = uptr((u8*) alignedChunk - (u8*) raw);
1540 }
1541
1542 uptr tailBytes = rawSize - leadBytes - neededSize;
1543 if (tailBytes &lt; minChunkSize()) {
1544 neededSize += tailBytes;
1545 tailBytes = 0;
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-10-50-361Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-10-50-361Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:10:50.361Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:10:50.361Z">2026-02-25T13:10:50.361Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Continuing patch implementation</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-10-50-361Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-10-50-361Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:10:50.361Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:10:50.361Z">2026-02-25T13:10:50.361Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Continuing patch implementation</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-10-50-549Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-10-50-549Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:10:50.549Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:10:50.549Z">2026-02-25T13:10:50.549Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_MdO4e2A795Rb9kaRd0M7xB7x"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;nl -ba src/ply-base.cpp | sed -n &#39;1545,1615p&#39;&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-10-50-638Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-10-50-638Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:10:50.638Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:10:50.638Z">2026-02-25T13:10:50.638Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: db0504
Wall time: 0.0512 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 759
Output:
1545 tailBytes = 0;
1546 }
1547 PLY_ASSERT(leadBytes + neededSize + tailBytes == rawSize);
1548
1549 bool rawPrevInUse = raw-&gt;getPrevInUse();
1550 if (leadBytes &gt; 0) {
1551 writeFreeChunkHeader(raw, leadBytes, rawPrevInUse);
1552 this-&gt;stats.totalBytesConsumed -= leadBytes;
1553 recycleFreeChunk(raw);
1554 }
1555
1556 writeInUseChunkHeader(alignedChunk, neededSize, leadBytes == 0 ? rawPrevInUse : false);
1557
1558 if (tailBytes &gt; 0) {
1559 Chunk* tail = (Chunk*) (((u8*) alignedChunk) + neededSize);
1560 writeFreeChunkHeader(tail, tailBytes, true);
1561 this-&gt;stats.totalBytesConsumed -= tailBytes;
1562 recycleFreeChunk(tail);
1563 }
1564
1565 return alignedChunk-&gt;memFromChunk();
1566 }
1567
1568 //--------------------------------------------------------------------
1569 // 10. Validation helpers
1570 //--------------------------------------------------------------------
1571
1572 #if defined(PLY_WITH_ASSERTS)
1573 // Counts occurrences of a chunk pointer in all small bins.
1574 u32 countChunkInSmallBins(const Chunk* target) const {
1575 u32 count = 0;
1576 for (u32 i = 0; i &lt; NumSmallBins; i++) {
1577 for (Chunk* node = this-&gt;smallBins[i]; node; node = node-&gt;smallNext) {
1578 if (node == target) {
1579 count++;
1580 }
1581 }
1582 }
1583 return count;
1584 }
1585
1586 // Counts occurrences of a chunk pointer in a single tree.
1587 static u32 countChunkInTree(const Chunk* root, const Chunk* target) {
1588 if (!root) {
1589 return 0;
1590 }
1591 u32 count = (root == target) ? 1u : 0u;
1592 count += countChunkInTree(root-&gt;treeLeft, target);
1593 count += countChunkInTree(root-&gt;treeRight, target);
1594 return count;
1595 }
1596
1597 // Counts occurrences of a chunk pointer in all tree bins.
1598 u32 countChunkInTreeBins(const Chunk* target) const {
1599 u32 count = 0;
1600 for (u32 i = 0; i &lt; NumTreeBins; i++) {
1601 count += countChunkInTree(this-&gt;treeBins[i], target);
1602 }
1603 return count;
1604 }
1605
1606 // Validates ordering and parent links of one tree bin.
1607 static void validateTree(Chunk* node, Chunk* parent, uptr minSize, const Chunk* minPtr, uptr maxSize,
1608 const Chunk* maxPtr, u32 expectedBin, uptr* nodeCount) {
1609 if (!node) {
1610 return;
1611 }
1612 (*nodeCount)++;
1613 PLY_ASSERT(node-&gt;treeParent == parent);
1614 PLY_ASSERT(!node-&gt;getInUse());
1615 PLY_ASSERT(!isSmallChunk(node-&gt;getSize()));
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-10-56-704Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-10-56-704Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:10:56.704Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:10:56.704Z">2026-02-25T13:10:56.704Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Simplifying aligned allocation logic</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-10-56-704Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-10-56-704Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:10:56.704Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:10:56.704Z">2026-02-25T13:10:56.704Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Simplifying aligned allocation logic</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-11-07-726Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-11-07-726Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:11:07.726Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:11:07.726Z">2026-02-25T13:11:07.726Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_bxkHQEYIE69uMWV1WqAv3fH3"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> apply_patch</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;value&#34;: &#34;*** Begin Patch\n*** Update File: src/ply-base.cpp\n@@\n- // Allocates a chunk with explicit alignment by carving from a larger temporary allocation.\n+ // Allocates a chunk with explicit alignment and tracks metadata for safe free/realloc.\n void* allocAlignedLocked(uptr numBytes, u32 alignment) {\n ensureInitialized();\n if (alignment &lt; ChunkAlignment) {\n alignment = numericCast&lt;u32&gt;(ChunkAlignment);\n } else {\n PLY_ASSERT(isPowerOf2(alignment));\n }\n if (alignment == ChunkAlignment) {\n return allocLocked(numBytes);\n }\n-\n- uptr neededSize = requestToChunkSize(numBytes);\n- if (neededSize == 0) {\n+ if (numBytes &gt; getMaxValue&lt;uptr&gt;() - alignment - sizeof(AlignedAllocHeader)) {\n return nullptr;\n }\n- if (neededSize &gt; getMaxValue&lt;uptr&gt;() - alignment - minChunkSize()) {\n- return nullptr;\n- }\n- uptr oversized = neededSize + alignment + minChunkSize();\n- Chunk* raw = allocRegularChunk(oversized);\n- if (!raw) {\n+ uptr requestBytes = numBytes + alignment + sizeof(AlignedAllocHeader);\n+ void* basePtr = allocLocked(requestBytes);\n+ if (!basePtr) {\n return nullptr;\n }\n-\n- uptr rawSize = raw-&gt;getSize();\n- uptr alignedMemAddr = uptr(alignToPowerOf2((u64) uptr(raw-&gt;memFromChunk()), (u64) alignment));\n- Chunk* alignedChunk = Chunk::chunkFromMem((void*) alignedMemAddr);\n- uptr leadBytes = uptr((u8*) alignedChunk - (u8*) raw);\n- if (leadBytes &lt; minChunkSize()) {\n- alignedMemAddr += alignment;\n- alignedChunk = Chunk::chunkFromMem((void*) alignedMemAddr);\n- leadBytes = uptr((u8*) alignedChunk - (u8*) raw);\n- }\n-\n- uptr tailBytes = rawSize - leadBytes - neededSize;\n- if (tailBytes &lt; minChunkSize()) {\n- neededSize += tailBytes;\n- tailBytes = 0;\n- }\n- PLY_ASSERT(leadBytes + neededSize + tailBytes == rawSize);\n-\n- bool rawPrevInUse = raw-&gt;getPrevInUse();\n- if (leadBytes &gt; 0) {\n- writeFreeChunkHeader(raw, leadBytes, rawPrevInUse);\n- this-&gt;stats.totalBytesConsumed -= leadBytes;\n- recycleFreeChunk(raw);\n- }\n-\n- writeInUseChunkHeader(alignedChunk, neededSize, leadBytes == 0 ? rawPrevInUse : false);\n-\n- if (tailBytes &gt; 0) {\n- Chunk* tail = (Chunk*) (((u8*) alignedChunk) + neededSize);\n- writeFreeChunkHeader(tail, tailBytes, true);\n- this-&gt;stats.totalBytesConsumed -= tailBytes;\n- recycleFreeChunk(tail);\n- }\n-\n- return alignedChunk-&gt;memFromChunk();\n+ uptr alignedAddr = uptr(alignToPowerOf2((u64) (uptr(basePtr) + sizeof(AlignedAllocHeader)), (u64) alignment));\n+ AlignedAllocHeader* header = (AlignedAllocHeader*) (alignedAddr - sizeof(AlignedAllocHeader));\n+ header-&gt;alignedPtr = (void*) alignedAddr;\n+ header-&gt;basePtr = basePtr;\n+ header-&gt;requestedBytes = numBytes;\n+ linkAlignedHeader(header);\n+ return header-&gt;alignedPtr;\n }\n*** End Patch\n&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-11-07-815Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-11-07-815Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:11:07.815Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:11:07.815Z">2026-02-25T13:11:07.815Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>{&quot;output&quot;:&quot;Success. Updated the following files:\nM src/ply-base.cpp\n&quot;,&quot;metadata&quot;:{&quot;exit_code&quot;:0,&quot;duration_seconds&quot;:0.0}}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-11-17-930Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-11-17-930Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:11:17.930Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:11:17.930Z">2026-02-25T13:11:17.930Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Enhancing aligned header validation</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-11-17-931Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-11-17-931Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:11:17.931Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:11:17.931Z">2026-02-25T13:11:17.931Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Enhancing aligned header validation</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-11-22-442Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-11-22-442Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:11:22.442Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:11:22.442Z">2026-02-25T13:11:22.442Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_ql55CJWgUYz5B1i9jlJvlsmX"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> apply_patch</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;value&#34;: &#34;*** Begin Patch\n*** Update File: src/ply-base.cpp\n@@\n for (DirectChunk* direct = this-&gt;directHead; direct; direct = direct-&gt;next) {\n if (direct-&gt;next) {\n PLY_ASSERT(direct-&gt;next-&gt;prev == direct);\n }\n@@\n recomputedAllocatedBytes += direct-&gt;chunk.getSize();\n recomputedSystemBytes += direct-&gt;mappingSize;\n }\n \n+ for (AlignedAllocHeader* header = this-&gt;alignedHead; header; header = header-&gt;next) {\n+ if (header-&gt;next) {\n+ PLY_ASSERT(header-&gt;next-&gt;prev == header);\n+ }\n+ if (header-&gt;prev) {\n+ PLY_ASSERT(header-&gt;prev-&gt;next == header);\n+ }\n+ PLY_ASSERT(header-&gt;alignedPtr != nullptr);\n+ PLY_ASSERT(header-&gt;basePtr != nullptr);\n+ PLY_ASSERT((uptr) header-&gt;alignedPtr &gt;= (uptr) header-&gt;basePtr + sizeof(AlignedAllocHeader));\n+ Chunk* base = Chunk::chunkFromMem(header-&gt;basePtr);\n+ PLY_ASSERT(base-&gt;getInUse());\n+ }\n+\n PLY_ASSERT(recomputedAllocatedBytes == this-&gt;stats.totalBytesConsumed);\n PLY_ASSERT(recomputedSystemBytes == this-&gt;stats.totalSystemMemoryUsed);\n }\n #endif\n*** End Patch\n&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-11-22-542Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-11-22-542Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:11:22.542Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:11:22.542Z">2026-02-25T13:11:22.542Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>{&quot;output&quot;:&quot;Success. Updated the following files:\nM src/ply-base.cpp\n&quot;,&quot;metadata&quot;:{&quot;exit_code&quot;:0,&quot;duration_seconds&quot;:0.0}}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-11-28-902Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-11-28-902Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:11:28.902Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:11:28.902Z">2026-02-25T13:11:28.902Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Refining aligned allocation handling</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-11-28-902Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-11-28-902Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:11:28.902Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:11:28.902Z">2026-02-25T13:11:28.902Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Refining aligned allocation handling</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-11-29-063Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-11-29-063Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:11:29.063Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:11:29.063Z">2026-02-25T13:11:29.063Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_EbRHUpomAUFxUGXedENm0od8"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;cmake --build apps/base-tests/build-newalloc -j4 &amp;&amp; apps/base-tests/build-newalloc/base-tests; echo EXIT:$?&#34;,
&#34;yield_time_ms&#34;: 120000,
&#34;max_output_tokens&#34;: 12000
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-11-30-518Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-11-30-518Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:11:30.518Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:11:30.518Z">2026-02-25T13:11:30.518Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 5ef752
Wall time: 1.2988 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 1241
Output:
[ 14%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/plywood.dir/home/jeff/work/plywood/src/ply-base.cpp.o
[ 28%] Linking CXX static library libplywood.a
[ 57%] Built target plywood
[ 71%] Linking CXX executable base-tests
[100%] Built target base-tests
[1/101] isRepresentable... success
[2/101] String::fromDateTime... success
[3/101] Thread join... success
[4/101] Heap::getStats... success
[5/101] Heap::setOutOfMemoryHandler... success
[6/101] Heap::allocAligned... success
[7/101] Heap::realloc grow/shrink... success
[8/101] Heap coalescing... success
[9/101] Heap stress... success
[10/101] Heap multithread smoke... success
[11/101] Heap::validate... success
[12/101] shuffle_bits() 32... success
[13/101] shuffle_bits() 64... success
[14/101] String self-assignment... success
[15/101] String find... success
[16/101] String reverseFind... success
[17/101] String split... success
[18/101] String match identifier... success
[19/101] String match integer... success
[20/101] String match negative integer... success
[21/101] String match float... success
[22/101] String match quoted string... success
[23/101] String match whitespace... success
[24/101] String match whitespace with tab... success
[25/101] String match optional whitespace... success
[26/101] String match escape character... success
[27/101] String match group alternation... success
[28/101] String match group alternation fail... success
[29/101] String match zero or more... success
[30/101] String match zero or more empty... success
[31/101] String match optional character... success
[32/101] String match group zero or more... success
[33/101] String match nested groups... success
[34/101] String match end anchor... success
[35/101] String match multiple captures... success
[36/101] String match optional format specifier... success
[37/101] String match optional group with format specifier... success
[38/101] String match literal characters... success
[39/101] Array default constructor... success
[40/101] Array construct from braced initializer list... success
[41/101] Array copy constructor... success
[42/101] Array copy constructor... success
[43/101] Array move constructor... success
[44/101] Copy construct Array&lt;String&gt;... success
[45/101] Array construct from FixedArray... success
[46/101] Move construct Array&lt;String&gt;... success
[47/101] Array assign from braced initializer list... success
[48/101] Array copy assignment... success
[49/101] Array move assignment... success
[50/101] Array assign, no move semantics... success
[51/101] Array assign from FixedArray... success
[52/101] Move assign Array&lt;String&gt;... success
[53/101] Array move assign from FixedArray... success
[54/101] Array self-assignment... success
[55/101] Array subscript lookup... success
[56/101] Array subscript modification... success
[57/101] Array back lookup... success
[58/101] Array back modification... success
[59/101] Array iteration... success
[60/101] Array iteration 2... success
[61/101] Array operator bool... success
[62/101] Array isEmpty... success
[63/101] Array numItems... success
[64/101] Array clear... success
[65/101] Array resize... success
[66/101] Array resize 2... success
[67/101] Array append, no move semantics... success
[68/101] Array append with move semantics... success
[69/101] Array append, no move semantics... success
[70/101] Array append String with move semantics... success
[71/101] Array extend from braced initializer list... success
[72/101] Array extend, no move semantics... success
[73/101] Array extend with move semantics... success
[74/101] Array extend from FixedArray, no move semantics... success
[75/101] Array extend from FixedArray with move semantics... success
[76/101] Extend Array&lt;String&gt; without move semantics... success
[77/101] Extend Array&lt;String&gt; with move semantics... success
[78/101] Array pop... success
[79/101] Array insert... success
[80/101] Array insert 2... success
[81/101] Array erase... success
[82/101] Array erase_quick... success
[83/101] Set stress test u32... success
[84/101] Map with String keys... success
[85/101] Map stress test... success
[86/101] BTree stress test u32... success
[87/101] Variant template... success
[88/101] binarySearch() basic functionality... success
[89/101] binarySearch() with FindGreaterThan condition... success
[90/101] binarySearch() empty array... success
[91/101] binarySearch() single element... success
[92/101] binarySearch() with duplicates... success
[93/101] binarySearch() all same elements... success
[94/101] binarySearch() with custom type... success
[95/101] binarySearch() with String type... success
[96/101] binarySearch() with different numeric types... success
[97/101] Decode truncated UTF-8... success
[98/101] Autodetect file encodings... success
[99/101] Mem stream temp buffer... success
[100/101] Usage stats with reserve/commit/decommit/unreserve... success
[101/101] Usage stats with alloc/free... success
101/101 test cases passed (100.000%)
EXIT:0
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-11-33-214Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-11-33-214Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:11:33.214Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:11:33.214Z">2026-02-25T13:11:33.214Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Rerunning fragmentation test</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-11-33-214Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-11-33-214Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:11:33.214Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:11:33.214Z">2026-02-25T13:11:33.214Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Rerunning fragmentation test</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-11-34-083Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-11-34-083Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:11:34.083Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:11:34.083Z">2026-02-25T13:11:34.083Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_UXeJElWgbqUB7f8ihIXilivk"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;cmake --build apps/fragmentation-test/build-newalloc -j4 &amp;&amp; apps/fragmentation-test/build-newalloc/fragmentation-test &gt; /tmp/frag-new.txt; echo EXIT:$? &amp;&amp; tail -n 5 /tmp/frag-new.txt&#34;,
&#34;yield_time_ms&#34;: 120000,
&#34;max_output_tokens&#34;: 12000
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-11-35-154Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-11-35-154Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:11:35.154Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:11:35.154Z">2026-02-25T13:11:35.154Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 180e27
Wall time: 0.9118 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 89
Output:
[ 20%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/plywood.dir/home/jeff/work/plywood/src/ply-base.cpp.o
[ 40%] Linking CXX static library libplywood.a
[ 60%] Built target plywood
[ 80%] Linking CXX executable fragmentation-test
[100%] Built target fragmentation-test
EXIT:0
3577, 466, 1048576
3578, 254, 1048576
3579, 0, 1048576
3580, 418, 1048576
3581, 0, 1048576
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-11-50-230Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-11-50-230Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:11:50.230Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:11:50.230Z">2026-02-25T13:11:50.230Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Adding compile flag for old allocator</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-11-50-230Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-11-50-230Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:11:50.230Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:11:50.230Z">2026-02-25T13:11:50.230Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Adding compile flag for old allocator</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-11-50-681Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-11-50-681Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:11:50.681Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:11:50.681Z">2026-02-25T13:11:50.681Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_ZSH2u7OUwzJv3rl6lYvyfHF6"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> apply_patch</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;value&#34;: &#34;*** Begin Patch\n*** Update File: apps/base-tests/CMakeLists.txt\n@@\n add_library(plywood ${PLYWOOD_SOURCES})\n target_include_directories(plywood PUBLIC \&#34;${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/../../src\&#34;)\n+if(DEFINED PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR)\n+ target_compile_definitions(plywood PUBLIC PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR=${PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR})\n+endif()\n*** End Patch\n&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-11-50-758Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-11-50-758Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:11:50.758Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:11:50.758Z">2026-02-25T13:11:50.758Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>{&quot;output&quot;:&quot;Success. Updated the following files:\nM apps/base-tests/CMakeLists.txt\n&quot;,&quot;metadata&quot;:{&quot;exit_code&quot;:0,&quot;duration_seconds&quot;:0.0}}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-11-53-489Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-11-53-489Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:11:53.489Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:11:53.489Z">2026-02-25T13:11:53.489Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_dEdLTe9UlIDok7DgqCZXWVCR"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> apply_patch</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;value&#34;: &#34;*** Begin Patch\n*** Update File: apps/fragmentation-test/CMakeLists.txt\n@@\n add_library(plywood ${PLYWOOD_SOURCES})\n target_include_directories(plywood PUBLIC \&#34;${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/../../src\&#34;)\n+if(DEFINED PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR)\n+ target_compile_definitions(plywood PUBLIC PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR=${PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR})\n+endif()\n*** End Patch\n&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-11-53-532Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-11-53-532Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:11:53.532Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:11:53.532Z">2026-02-25T13:11:53.532Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>{&quot;output&quot;:&quot;Success. Updated the following files:\nM apps/fragmentation-test/CMakeLists.txt\n&quot;,&quot;metadata&quot;:{&quot;exit_code&quot;:0,&quot;duration_seconds&quot;:0.0}}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-11-57-018Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-11-57-018Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:11:57.018Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:11:57.018Z">2026-02-25T13:11:57.018Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Planning separate builds and tests</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-11-57-019Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-11-57-019Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:11:57.019Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:11:57.019Z">2026-02-25T13:11:57.019Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Planning separate builds and tests</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-11-58-086Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-11-58-086Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:11:58.086Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:11:58.086Z">2026-02-25T13:11:58.086Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="assistant-text"><p>I needed one small CMake tweak so <code>PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR</code> can be selected per app build. I’m now running both <code>base-tests</code> and <code>fragmentation-test</code> with <code>PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR=1</code> and <code>0</code>, then I’ll compute a concise counter comparison from the fragmentation logs.</p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-12-01-520Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-12-01-520Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:12:01.520Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:12:01.520Z">2026-02-25T13:12:01.520Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_HbdoH0pDAqSsbcXJYxbdJ7Ow"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;cmake -B apps/base-tests/build-newalloc apps/base-tests -DPLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR=1 &amp;&amp; cmake --build apps/base-tests/build-newalloc -j4 &amp;&amp; apps/base-tests/build-newalloc/base-tests &gt; /tmp/base-new.txt; echo BASE_NEW_EXIT:$?\ncmake -B apps/base-tests/build-oldalloc apps/base-tests -DPLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR=0 &amp;&amp; cmake --build apps/base-tests/build-oldalloc -j4 &amp;&amp; apps/base-tests/build-oldalloc/base-tests &gt; /tmp/base-old.txt; echo BASE_OLD_EXIT:$?\ncmake -B apps/fragmentation-test/build-newalloc apps/fragmentation-test -DPLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR=1 &amp;&amp; cmake --build apps/fragmentation-test/build-newalloc -j4 &amp;&amp; apps/fragmentation-test/build-newalloc/fragmentation-test &gt; /tmp/frag-new.txt; echo FRAG_NEW_EXIT:$?\ncmake -B apps/fragmentation-test/build-oldalloc apps/fragmentation-test -DPLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR=0 &amp;&amp; cmake --build apps/fragmentation-test/build-oldalloc -j4 &amp;&amp; apps/fragmentation-test/build-oldalloc/fragmentation-test &gt; /tmp/frag-old.txt; echo FRAG_OLD_EXIT:$?&#34;,
&#34;yield_time_ms&#34;: 120000,
&#34;max_output_tokens&#34;: 12000
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-12-08-449Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-12-08-449Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:12:08.449Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:12:08.449Z">2026-02-25T13:12:08.449Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 4e2a79
Wall time: 6.7658 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 691
Output:
-- Configuring done (0.0s)
-- Generating done (0.0s)
-- Build files have been written to: /home/jeff/work/plywood/apps/base-tests/build-newalloc
[ 14%] Building C object CMakeFiles/plywood.dir/home/jeff/work/plywood/src/dlmalloc.c.o
[ 42%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/plywood.dir/home/jeff/work/plywood/src/ply-math.cpp.o
[ 42%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/plywood.dir/home/jeff/work/plywood/src/ply-base.cpp.o
[ 57%] Linking CXX static library libplywood.a
[ 57%] Built target plywood
[ 71%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/base-tests.dir/test-cases.cpp.o
[ 85%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/base-tests.dir/test-suite.cpp.o
[100%] Linking CXX executable base-tests
[100%] Built target base-tests
BASE_NEW_EXIT:0
-- Configuring done (0.0s)
-- Generating done (0.0s)
-- Build files have been written to: /home/jeff/work/plywood/apps/base-tests/build-oldalloc
[ 28%] Building C object CMakeFiles/plywood.dir/home/jeff/work/plywood/src/dlmalloc.c.o
[ 28%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/plywood.dir/home/jeff/work/plywood/src/ply-base.cpp.o
[ 42%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/plywood.dir/home/jeff/work/plywood/src/ply-math.cpp.o
[ 57%] Linking CXX static library libplywood.a
[ 57%] Built target plywood
[ 71%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/base-tests.dir/test-cases.cpp.o
[ 85%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/base-tests.dir/test-suite.cpp.o
[100%] Linking CXX executable base-tests
[100%] Built target base-tests
BASE_OLD_EXIT:134
/bin/bash: line 2: 137053 Aborted (core dumped) apps/base-tests/build-oldalloc/base-tests &gt; /tmp/base-old.txt
-- Configuring done (0.0s)
-- Generating done (0.0s)
-- Build files have been written to: /home/jeff/work/plywood/apps/fragmentation-test/build-newalloc
[ 20%] Building C object CMakeFiles/plywood.dir/home/jeff/work/plywood/src/dlmalloc.c.o
[ 40%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/plywood.dir/home/jeff/work/plywood/src/ply-base.cpp.o
[ 60%] Linking CXX static library libplywood.a
[ 60%] Built target plywood
[ 80%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/fragmentation-test.dir/fragmentation-test.cpp.o
[100%] Linking CXX executable fragmentation-test
[100%] Built target fragmentation-test
FRAG_NEW_EXIT:0
-- Configuring done (0.0s)
-- Generating done (0.0s)
-- Build files have been written to: /home/jeff/work/plywood/apps/fragmentation-test/build-oldalloc
[ 20%] Building C object CMakeFiles/plywood.dir/home/jeff/work/plywood/src/dlmalloc.c.o
[ 40%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/plywood.dir/home/jeff/work/plywood/src/ply-base.cpp.o
[ 60%] Linking CXX static library libplywood.a
[ 60%] Built target plywood
[ 80%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/fragmentation-test.dir/fragmentation-test.cpp.o
[100%] Linking CXX executable fragmentation-test
[100%] Built target fragmentation-test
FRAG_OLD_EXIT:0
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-12-13-836Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-12-13-836Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:12:13.836Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:12:13.836Z">2026-02-25T13:12:13.836Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Diagnosing test abort cause</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-12-13-837Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-12-13-837Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:12:13.837Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:12:13.837Z">2026-02-25T13:12:13.837Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Diagnosing test abort cause</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-12-13-954Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-12-13-954Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:12:13.954Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:12:13.954Z">2026-02-25T13:12:13.954Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_NoMrsOmPqcU50LMKcDDGZe0l"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;tail -n 80 /tmp/base-old.txt&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-12-14-038Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-12-14-038Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:12:14.038Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:12:14.038Z">2026-02-25T13:12:14.038Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: a2f63d
Wall time: 0.0506 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 47
Output:
[1/101] isRepresentable... success
[2/101] String::fromDateTime... success
[3/101] Thread join... success
[4/101] Heap::getStats... success
[5/101] Heap::setOutOfMemoryHandler... success
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-12-23-649Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-12-23-649Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:12:23.649Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:12:23.649Z">2026-02-25T13:12:23.649Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Analyzing allocator crash causes</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-12-23-650Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-12-23-650Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:12:23.650Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:12:23.650Z">2026-02-25T13:12:23.650Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Analyzing allocator crash causes</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-12-23-835Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-12-23-835Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:12:23.835Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:12:23.835Z">2026-02-25T13:12:23.835Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_tZDVRSxjA2dhDahRV9vzkew8"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;apps/base-tests/build-oldalloc/base-tests&#34;,
&#34;yield_time_ms&#34;: 120000,
&#34;max_output_tokens&#34;: 12000
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-12-25-008Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-12-25-008Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:12:25.008Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:12:25.008Z">2026-02-25T13:12:25.008Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 75355f
Wall time: 1.0156 seconds
Process exited with code -1
Original token count: 47
Output:
[1/101] isRepresentable... success
[2/101] String::fromDateTime... success
[3/101] Thread join... success
[4/101] Heap::getStats... success
[5/101] Heap::setOutOfMemoryHandler... success
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-12-35-481Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-12-35-481Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:12:35.481Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:12:35.481Z">2026-02-25T13:12:35.481Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Identifying and planning fix for old allocator alignment argument bug</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-12-35-481Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-12-35-481Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:12:35.481Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:12:35.481Z">2026-02-25T13:12:35.481Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Identifying and planning fix for old allocator alignment argument bug</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-12-36-259Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-12-36-259Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:12:36.259Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:12:36.259Z">2026-02-25T13:12:36.259Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_gry0N3nMHXdOFDsPYv91cS2Z"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> apply_patch</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;value&#34;: &#34;*** Begin Patch\n*** Update File: src/ply-base.cpp\n@@\n void* Heap::allocAligned(uptr numBytes, u32 alignment) {\n- void* ptr = dlmemalign(numBytes, alignment);\n+ void* ptr = dlmemalign(alignment, numBytes);\n if (!ptr &amp;&amp; outOfMemoryHandler) {\n outOfMemoryHandler();\n }\n return ptr;\n }\n*** End Patch\n&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-12-36-292Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-12-36-292Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:12:36.292Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:12:36.292Z">2026-02-25T13:12:36.292Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>{&quot;output&quot;:&quot;Success. Updated the following files:\nM src/ply-base.cpp\n&quot;,&quot;metadata&quot;:{&quot;exit_code&quot;:0,&quot;duration_seconds&quot;:0.0}}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-12-38-249Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-12-38-249Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:12:38.249Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:12:38.249Z">2026-02-25T13:12:38.249Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Rerunning base tests</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-12-38-249Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-12-38-249Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:12:38.249Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:12:38.249Z">2026-02-25T13:12:38.249Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Rerunning base tests</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-12-39-059Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-12-39-059Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:12:39.059Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:12:39.059Z">2026-02-25T13:12:39.059Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_XrDp77muEDTcIyM5BfUwytAa"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;cmake --build apps/base-tests/build-oldalloc -j4 &amp;&amp; apps/base-tests/build-oldalloc/base-tests &gt; /tmp/base-old.txt; echo BASE_OLD_EXIT:$? &amp;&amp; tail -n 5 /tmp/base-old.txt&#34;,
&#34;yield_time_ms&#34;: 120000,
&#34;max_output_tokens&#34;: 12000
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-12-40-412Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-12-40-412Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:12:40.412Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:12:40.412Z">2026-02-25T13:12:40.412Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 795a45
Wall time: 1.1918 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 126
Output:
[ 14%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/plywood.dir/home/jeff/work/plywood/src/ply-base.cpp.o
[ 28%] Linking CXX static library libplywood.a
[ 57%] Built target plywood
[ 71%] Linking CXX executable base-tests
[100%] Built target base-tests
BASE_OLD_EXIT:0
[98/101] Autodetect file encodings... success
[99/101] Mem stream temp buffer... success
[100/101] Usage stats with reserve/commit/decommit/unreserve... success
[101/101] Usage stats with alloc/free... success
101/101 test cases passed (100.000%)
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-12-46-171Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-12-46-171Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:12:46.171Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:12:46.171Z">2026-02-25T13:12:46.171Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Comparing fragmentation metrics</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-12-46-171Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-12-46-171Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:12:46.171Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:12:46.171Z">2026-02-25T13:12:46.171Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Comparing fragmentation metrics</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-12-52-061Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-12-52-061Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:12:52.061Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:12:52.061Z">2026-02-25T13:12:52.061Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_nDFeIaUJNmf7Ouvb7slklCM6"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;echo &#39;NEW&#39;; awk -F&#39;, *&#39; &#39;BEGIN{n=0;maxA=0;maxS=0;sumO=0;sumR=0;cntR=0;} {a=$2+0;s=$3+0;n++; if(a&gt;maxA)maxA=a; if(s&gt;maxS)maxS=s; if(a&gt;0){sumO+=s-a; sumR+=s/a; cntR++;} lastA=a; lastS=s;} END{printf(\&#34;samples=%d maxAllocated=%d maxSystem=%d finalAllocated=%d finalSystem=%d avgOverhead=%.2f avgRatio=%.3f\\n\&#34;,n,maxA,maxS,lastA,lastS,(cntR?sumO/cntR:0),(cntR?sumR/cntR:0));}&#39; /tmp/frag-new.txt\necho &#39;OLD&#39;; awk -F&#39;, *&#39; &#39;BEGIN{n=0;maxA=0;maxS=0;sumO=0;sumR=0;cntR=0;} {a=$2+0;s=$3+0;n++; if(a&gt;maxA)maxA=a; if(s&gt;maxS)maxS=s; if(a&gt;0){sumO+=s-a; sumR+=s/a; cntR++;} lastA=a; lastS=s;} END{printf(\&#34;samples=%d maxAllocated=%d maxSystem=%d finalAllocated=%d finalSystem=%d avgOverhead=%.2f avgRatio=%.3f\\n\&#34;,n,maxA,maxS,lastA,lastS,(cntR?sumO/cntR:0),(cntR?sumR/cntR:0));}&#39; /tmp/frag-old.txt&#34;,
&#34;max_output_tokens&#34;: 12000
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-12-52-157Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-12-52-157Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:12:52.157Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:12:52.157Z">2026-02-25T13:12:52.157Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 83f4af
Wall time: 0.0508 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 67
Output:
NEW
samples=3582 maxAllocated=10348956 maxSystem=12279808 finalAllocated=0 finalSystem=1048576 avgOverhead=2538604.65 avgRatio=15.408
OLD
samples=3582 maxAllocated=10348956 maxSystem=11100160 finalAllocated=0 finalSystem=3256320 avgOverhead=1401094.30 avgRatio=25.473
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-12-55-530Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-12-55-530Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:12:55.530Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:12:55.530Z">2026-02-25T13:12:55.530Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Planning refined ratio metrics</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-12-55-531Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-12-55-531Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:12:55.531Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:12:55.531Z">2026-02-25T13:12:55.531Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Planning refined ratio metrics</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-13-00-156Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-13-00-156Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:13:00.156Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:13:00.156Z">2026-02-25T13:13:00.156Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_xAP92Vfnq4ZvSxlEShXj3BNq"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;echo &#39;NEW&#39;; awk -F&#39;, *&#39; &#39;BEGIN{n=0;sumA=0;sumS=0;maxA=0;maxS=0;lastA=0;lastS=0;} {a=$2+0;s=$3+0;n++;sumA+=a;sumS+=s;if(a&gt;maxA)maxA=a;if(s&gt;maxS)maxS=s;lastA=a;lastS=s;} END{printf(\&#34;samples=%d maxA=%d maxS=%d avgA=%.2f avgS=%.2f weightedRatio=%.3f finalA=%d finalS=%d\\n\&#34;,n,maxA,maxS,sumA/n,sumS/n,(sumA&gt;0?sumS/sumA:0),lastA,lastS);}&#39; /tmp/frag-new.txt\necho &#39;OLD&#39;; awk -F&#39;, *&#39; &#39;BEGIN{n=0;sumA=0;sumS=0;maxA=0;maxS=0;lastA=0;lastS=0;} {a=$2+0;s=$3+0;n++;sumA+=a;sumS+=s;if(a&gt;maxA)maxA=a;if(s&gt;maxS)maxS=s;lastA=a;lastS=s;} END{printf(\&#34;samples=%d maxA=%d maxS=%d avgA=%.2f avgS=%.2f weightedRatio=%.3f finalA=%d finalS=%d\\n\&#34;,n,maxA,maxS,sumA/n,sumS/n,(sumA&gt;0?sumS/sumA:0),lastA,lastS);}&#39; /tmp/frag-old.txt&#34;,
&#34;max_output_tokens&#34;: 12000
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-13-00-258Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-13-00-258Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:13:00.258Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:13:00.258Z">2026-02-25T13:13:00.258Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 1aab03
Wall time: 0.0514 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 61
Output:
NEW
samples=3582 maxA=10348956 maxS=12279808 avgA=3827489.95 avgS=6364846.67 weightedRatio=1.663 finalA=0 finalS=1048576
OLD
samples=3582 maxA=10348956 maxS=11100160 avgA=3827489.95 avgS=5229247.25 weightedRatio=1.366 finalA=0 finalS=3256320
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-13-02-606Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-13-02-606Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:13:02.606Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:13:02.606Z">2026-02-25T13:13:02.606Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Planning file tail comparison</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-13-02-607Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-13-02-607Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:13:02.607Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:13:02.607Z">2026-02-25T13:13:02.607Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Planning file tail comparison</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-13-02-851Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-13-02-851Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:13:02.851Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:13:02.851Z">2026-02-25T13:13:02.851Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_MZ3rYpBuIoQHzTuzhDqQShob"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;tail -n 5 /tmp/frag-old.txt &amp;&amp; head -n 5 /tmp/frag-old.txt &amp;&amp; head -n 5 /tmp/frag-new.txt&#34;,
&#34;max_output_tokens&#34;: 12000
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-13-02-946Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-13-02-946Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:13:02.946Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:13:02.946Z">2026-02-25T13:13:02.946Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 73799c
Wall time: 0.0508 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 59
Output:
3577, 466, 3256320
3578, 254, 3256320
3579, 0, 3256320
3580, 418, 3256320
3581, 0, 3256320
0, 370, 4096
1, 0, 65536
2, 415, 65536
3, 716, 65536
4, 301, 65536
0, 370, 1048576
1, 0, 1048576
2, 415, 1048576
3, 716, 1048576
4, 301, 1048576
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-13-10-029Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-13-10-029Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:13:10.029Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:13:10.029Z">2026-02-25T13:13:10.029Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Removing old allocator macros</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-13-10-029Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-13-10-029Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:13:10.029Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:13:10.029Z">2026-02-25T13:13:10.029Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Removing old allocator macros</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-13-10-437Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-13-10-437Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:13:10.437Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:13:10.437Z">2026-02-25T13:13:10.437Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="assistant-text"><p>I identified and fixed an old-path <code>allocAligned</code> bug (<code>dlmemalign</code> argument order), and both old/new suites now pass. I’m removing the temporary assert-tracing macro override from <code>ply-base.cpp</code> so the final code uses the normal <code>PLY_ASSERT</code> behavior.</p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-13-13-982Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-13-13-982Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:13:13.982Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:13:13.982Z">2026-02-25T13:13:13.982Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_JiYis9Ohu5cyZBQnXStt612Y"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> apply_patch</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;value&#34;: &#34;*** Begin Patch\n*** Update File: src/ply-base.cpp\n@@\n #if PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR\n \n-#if defined(PLY_WITH_ASSERTS)\n-#undef PLY_ASSERT\n-#define PLY_ASSERT(cond) \\\n- do { \\\n- if (!(cond)) { \\\n- fprintf(stderr, \&#34;Heap assert failed at %s:%d: %s\\n\&#34;, __FILE__, __LINE__, #cond); \\\n- PLY_FORCE_CRASH(); \\\n- } \\\n- } while (0)\n-#else\n-#undef PLY_ASSERT\n-#define PLY_ASSERT(cond) \\\n- do { \\\n- } while (0)\n-#endif\n-\n // Implements the bespoke heap allocator used by ply::Heap.\n class HeapImpl {\n@@\n void Heap::validate() {\n #if defined(PLY_WITH_ASSERTS)\n getHeapImpl().validate();\n #endif\n }\n \n-#if defined(PLY_WITH_ASSERTS)\n-#undef PLY_ASSERT\n-#define PLY_ASSERT(cond) \\\n- do { \\\n- if (!(cond)) \\\n- PLY_FORCE_CRASH(); \\\n- } while (0)\n-#else\n-#undef PLY_ASSERT\n-#define PLY_ASSERT(cond) \\\n- do { \\\n- } while (0)\n-#endif\n-\n #else\n*** End Patch\n&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-13-14-047Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-13-14-047Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:13:14.047Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:13:14.047Z">2026-02-25T13:13:14.047Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>{&quot;output&quot;:&quot;Success. Updated the following files:\nM src/ply-base.cpp\n&quot;,&quot;metadata&quot;:{&quot;exit_code&quot;:0,&quot;duration_seconds&quot;:0.0}}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-13-16-153Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-13-16-153Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:13:16.153Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:13:16.153Z">2026-02-25T13:13:16.153Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Running tests after macro removal</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-13-16-153Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-13-16-153Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:13:16.153Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:13:16.153Z">2026-02-25T13:13:16.153Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Running tests after macro removal</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-13-17-222Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-13-17-222Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:13:17.222Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:13:17.222Z">2026-02-25T13:13:17.222Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_zQBMBciv4c8re130Cw1tjGa0"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;cmake --build apps/base-tests/build-newalloc -j4 &amp;&amp; apps/base-tests/build-newalloc/base-tests &gt; /tmp/base-new.txt; echo BASE_NEW_EXIT:$?\ncmake --build apps/base-tests/build-oldalloc -j4 &amp;&amp; apps/base-tests/build-oldalloc/base-tests &gt; /tmp/base-old.txt; echo BASE_OLD_EXIT:$?&#34;,
&#34;yield_time_ms&#34;: 120000,
&#34;max_output_tokens&#34;: 12000
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-13-19-778Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-13-19-778Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:13:19.778Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:13:19.778Z">2026-02-25T13:13:19.778Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: e1b4ee
Wall time: 2.3959 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 128
Output:
[ 14%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/plywood.dir/home/jeff/work/plywood/src/ply-base.cpp.o
[ 28%] Linking CXX static library libplywood.a
[ 57%] Built target plywood
[ 71%] Linking CXX executable base-tests
[100%] Built target base-tests
BASE_NEW_EXIT:0
[ 14%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/plywood.dir/home/jeff/work/plywood/src/ply-base.cpp.o
[ 28%] Linking CXX static library libplywood.a
[ 57%] Built target plywood
[ 71%] Linking CXX executable base-tests
[100%] Built target base-tests
BASE_OLD_EXIT:0
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-13-22-449Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-13-22-449Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:13:22.449Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:13:22.449Z">2026-02-25T13:13:22.449Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Running fragment tests post-rebuild</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-13-22-450Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-13-22-450Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:13:22.450Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:13:22.450Z">2026-02-25T13:13:22.450Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Running fragment tests post-rebuild</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-13-23-505Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-13-23-505Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:13:23.505Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:13:23.505Z">2026-02-25T13:13:23.505Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_VBXKxThjEruhq846ud5W8K73"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;cmake --build apps/fragmentation-test/build-newalloc -j4 &amp;&amp; apps/fragmentation-test/build-newalloc/fragmentation-test &gt; /tmp/frag-new.txt; echo FRAG_NEW_EXIT:$?\ncmake --build apps/fragmentation-test/build-oldalloc -j4 &amp;&amp; apps/fragmentation-test/build-oldalloc/fragmentation-test &gt; /tmp/frag-old.txt; echo FRAG_OLD_EXIT:$?&#34;,
&#34;yield_time_ms&#34;: 120000,
&#34;max_output_tokens&#34;: 12000
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-13-25-549Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-13-25-549Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:13:25.549Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:13:25.549Z">2026-02-25T13:13:25.549Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 881c40
Wall time: 1.8849 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 136
Output:
[ 20%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/plywood.dir/home/jeff/work/plywood/src/ply-base.cpp.o
[ 40%] Linking CXX static library libplywood.a
[ 60%] Built target plywood
[ 80%] Linking CXX executable fragmentation-test
[100%] Built target fragmentation-test
FRAG_NEW_EXIT:0
[ 20%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/plywood.dir/home/jeff/work/plywood/src/ply-base.cpp.o
[ 40%] Linking CXX static library libplywood.a
[ 60%] Built target plywood
[ 80%] Linking CXX executable fragmentation-test
[100%] Built target fragmentation-test
FRAG_OLD_EXIT:0
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-13-33-713Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-13-33-713Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:13:33.713Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:13:33.713Z">2026-02-25T13:13:33.713Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_GgIg11M8ohoHiYFhg4ypesw6"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;echo &#39;NEW&#39;; awk -F&#39;, *&#39; &#39;BEGIN{n=0;sumA=0;sumS=0;maxA=0;maxS=0;lastA=0;lastS=0;} {a=$2+0;s=$3+0;n++;sumA+=a;sumS+=s;if(a&gt;maxA)maxA=a;if(s&gt;maxS)maxS=s;lastA=a;lastS=s;} END{printf(\&#34;samples=%d maxAllocated=%d maxSystem=%d avgAllocated=%.0f avgSystem=%.0f weightedRatio=%.3f finalAllocated=%d finalSystem=%d\\n\&#34;,n,maxA,maxS,sumA/n,sumS/n,(sumA&gt;0?sumS/sumA:0),lastA,lastS);}&#39; /tmp/frag-new.txt\necho &#39;OLD&#39;; awk -F&#39;, *&#39; &#39;BEGIN{n=0;sumA=0;sumS=0;maxA=0;maxS=0;lastA=0;lastS=0;} {a=$2+0;s=$3+0;n++;sumA+=a;sumS+=s;if(a&gt;maxA)maxA=a;if(s&gt;maxS)maxS=s;lastA=a;lastS=s;} END{printf(\&#34;samples=%d maxAllocated=%d maxSystem=%d avgAllocated=%.0f avgSystem=%.0f weightedRatio=%.3f finalAllocated=%d finalSystem=%d\\n\&#34;,n,maxA,maxS,sumA/n,sumS/n,(sumA&gt;0?sumS/sumA:0),lastA,lastS);}&#39; /tmp/frag-old.txt&#34;,
&#34;max_output_tokens&#34;: 12000
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-13-33-818Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-13-33-818Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:13:33.818Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:13:33.818Z">2026-02-25T13:13:33.818Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 787575
Wall time: 0.0513 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 77
Output:
NEW
samples=3582 maxAllocated=10348956 maxSystem=12279808 avgAllocated=3827490 avgSystem=6364847 weightedRatio=1.663 finalAllocated=0 finalSystem=1048576
OLD
samples=3582 maxAllocated=10348956 maxSystem=11100160 avgAllocated=3827490 avgSystem=5229247 weightedRatio=1.366 finalAllocated=0 finalSystem=3256320
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-13-36-664Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-13-36-664Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:13:36.664Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:13:36.664Z">2026-02-25T13:13:36.664Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Verifying code cleanliness</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-13-36-665Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-13-36-665Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:13:36.665Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:13:36.665Z">2026-02-25T13:13:36.665Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Verifying code cleanliness</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-13-36-914Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-13-36-914Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:13:36.914Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:13:36.914Z">2026-02-25T13:13:36.914Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_cLkxhQpk10AIHbIdZkw6dkJK"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;rg -n \&#34;Heap assert failed|#undef PLY_ASSERT\&#34; src/ply-base.cpp&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-13-37-006Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-13-37-006Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:13:37.006Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:13:37.006Z">2026-02-25T13:13:37.006Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 33ce6c
Wall time: 0.0512 seconds
Process exited with code 1
Original token count: 0
Output:
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-13-49-358Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-13-49-358Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:13:49.358Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:13:49.358Z">2026-02-25T13:13:49.358Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Finalizing heap validation and docs</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-13-49-358Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-13-49-358Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:13:49.358Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:13:49.358Z">2026-02-25T13:13:49.358Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Finalizing heap validation and docs</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-13-51-163Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-13-51-163Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:13:51.163Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:13:51.163Z">2026-02-25T13:13:51.163Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_PgKIsbsoHbRgaLf7dLzFURLd"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;git status --short&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-13-51-260Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-13-51-260Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:13:51.260Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:13:51.260Z">2026-02-25T13:13:51.260Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 1383bc
Wall time: 0.0513 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 62
Output:
M apps/base-tests/CMakeLists.txt
M apps/base-tests/test-cases.cpp
M apps/fragmentation-test/CMakeLists.txt
M docs/base/memory.md
M docs/configuration.md
M docs/contents.json
M src/ply-base.cpp
M src/ply-base.h
?? docs/base/heap-design.md
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-14-01-427Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-14-01-427Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:14:01.427Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:14:01.427Z">2026-02-25T13:14:01.427Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Inspecting modified source code</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-14-01-427Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-14-01-427Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:14:01.427Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:14:01.427Z">2026-02-25T13:14:01.427Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Inspecting modified source code</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-14-01-602Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-14-01-602Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:14:01.602Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:14:01.602Z">2026-02-25T13:14:01.602Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_PIP8C9VbJGfhIpOhw7cKyOwL"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;rg -n \&#34;PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR|Heap::validate|dlmemalign\\(\&#34; src/ply-base.cpp src/ply-base.h docs/base/memory.md docs/configuration.md apps/base-tests/CMakeLists.txt apps/fragmentation-test/CMakeLists.txt&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-14-01-696Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-14-01-696Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:14:01.696Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:14:01.696Z">2026-02-25T13:14:01.696Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 4a2c24
Wall time: 0.0513 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 331
Output:
apps/fragmentation-test/CMakeLists.txt:20:if(DEFINED PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR)
apps/fragmentation-test/CMakeLists.txt:21: target_compile_definitions(plywood PUBLIC PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR=${PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR})
docs/configuration.md:10:`PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR` | Selects the heap backend. `1` uses Plywood&#x27;s bespoke allocator, `0` uses legacy dlmalloc. Default is 1.
apps/base-tests/CMakeLists.txt:20:if(DEFINED PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR)
apps/base-tests/CMakeLists.txt:21: target_compile_definitions(plywood PUBLIC PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR=${PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR})
docs/base/memory.md:29:Heap backend selection is controlled by `PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR`:
docs/base/memory.md:31:- `PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR=1` (default): Uses Plywood&#x27;s bespoke allocator in `ply::HeapImpl`.
docs/base/memory.md:32:- `PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR=0`: Uses the legacy [dlmalloc](https://gee.cs.oswego.edu/dl/html/malloc.html) backend.
src/ply-base.cpp:37:#if !PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR
src/ply-base.cpp:42:void* dlmemalign(ply::uptr, ply::uptr);
src/ply-base.cpp:591:#if PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR
src/ply-base.cpp:1788:void Heap::validate() {
src/ply-base.cpp:1817: void* ptr = dlmemalign(alignment, numBytes);
src/ply-base.cpp:1832:void Heap::validate() {
src/ply-base.h:162:#if !defined(PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR)
src/ply-base.h:163:#define PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR 1
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-14-10-539Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-14-10-539Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:14:10.539Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:14:10.539Z">2026-02-25T13:14:10.539Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Summarizing allocator differences</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-14-10-539Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-14-10-539Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:14:10.539Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:14:10.539Z">2026-02-25T13:14:10.539Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Summarizing allocator differences</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-14-15-241Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-14-15-241Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:14:15.241Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:14:15.241Z">2026-02-25T13:14:15.241Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="assistant-text"><p>Implementation and test runs are complete for both allocator modes. I’m doing a final pass to collect exact file/line references and then I’ll summarize what changed plus the <code>base-tests</code>/<code>fragmentation-test</code> results and counter deltas.</p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-14-15-272Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-14-15-272Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:14:15.272Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:14:15.272Z">2026-02-25T13:14:15.272Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_EVhvk9DmskltgrwTTX4IbMF3"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;nl -ba src/ply-base.h | sed -n &#39;150,185p;1435,1475p&#39;&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-14-15-272Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-14-15-272Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:14:15.272Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:14:15.272Z">2026-02-25T13:14:15.272Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_7cIqlOJhEWcPK2dzhf5pI8fC"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;nl -ba src/ply-base.cpp | sed -n &#39;580,760p;980,1265p;1380,1765p;1798,1840p&#39;&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-14-15-272Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-14-15-272Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:14:15.272Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:14:15.272Z">2026-02-25T13:14:15.272Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_1c0azzJQjJEXosEgbpBiVOoi"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;nl -ba apps/base-tests/test-cases.cpp | sed -n &#39;100,285p&#39;&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-14-15-338Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-14-15-338Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:14:15.338Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:14:15.338Z">2026-02-25T13:14:15.338Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_95Pwo9URcKYdR1FJKygoDu66"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;nl -ba docs/base/memory.md | sed -n &#39;18,125p&#39;&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-14-15-343Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-14-15-343Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:14:15.343Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:14:15.343Z">2026-02-25T13:14:15.343Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_bFX121EEgxufD7qRfjUlBBGG"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;nl -ba docs/contents.json | sed -n &#39;1,35p&#39;&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-14-15-347Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-14-15-347Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:14:15.347Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:14:15.347Z">2026-02-25T13:14:15.347Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_hgSqbCACnZZcnkB9FW7tfGzf"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;nl -ba docs/configuration.md | sed -n &#39;1,24p&#39;&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-14-15-353Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-14-15-353Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:14:15.353Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:14:15.353Z">2026-02-25T13:14:15.353Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_gA0wq8yjdvgevoEqNSWBmsau"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;nl -ba apps/base-tests/CMakeLists.txt | sed -n &#39;12,28p&#39;&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-14-15-356Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-14-15-356Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:14:15.356Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:14:15.356Z">2026-02-25T13:14:15.356Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_FJvzgRRZeDroAKpaDGsvncgk"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;nl -ba apps/fragmentation-test/CMakeLists.txt | sed -n &#39;12,28p&#39;&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-14-15-356Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-14-15-356Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:14:15.356Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:14:15.356Z">2026-02-25T13:14:15.356Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_cNuHR6uiewoDOKPeM3s9TLrH"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;nl -ba docs/base/heap-design.md | sed -n &#39;1,220p&#39;&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-14-15-377Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-14-15-377Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:14:15.377Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:14:15.377Z">2026-02-25T13:14:15.377Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 5df88b
Wall time: 0.0514 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 712
Output:
150 #define PLY_STRINGIFY2(x) #x
151 #define PLY_STRINGIFY(x) PLY_STRINGIFY2(x)
152 #define PLY_CAT2(a, b) a##b
153 #define PLY_CAT(a, b) PLY_CAT2(a, b)
154 #define PLY_UNIQUE_VARIABLE(prefix) PLY_CAT(prefix, __LINE__)
155 #define PLY_PTR_OFFSET(ptr, ofs) ((void*) (((u8*) (void*) (ptr)) + (ofs)))
156 #define PLY_OFFSET_OF(type, member) uptr(&amp;((type*) 0)-&gt;member)
157 #define PLY_STATIC_ARRAY_SIZE(arr) (sizeof(arr) / sizeof((arr)[0]))
158 #define PLY_UNUSED(x) ((void) x)
159 #define PLY_CALL_MEMBER(obj, pmf) ((obj).*(pmf))
160 #define PLY_STATIC_ASSERT(cond) static_assert(cond, #cond)
161
162 #if !defined(PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR)
163 #define PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR 1
164 #endif
165
166 namespace ply {
167
168 //--------------------------------------------
169 // PLY_PUN_GUARD
170 //--------------------------------------------
171
172 struct PunGuard {
173 PunGuard() {
174 PLY_COMPILER_BARRIER();
175 }
176 ~PunGuard() {
177 PLY_COMPILER_BARRIER();
178 }
179 };
180 #define PLY_PUN_GUARD ::ply::PunGuard PLY_UNIQUE_VARIABLE(_punGuard_)
181
182 //--------------------------------------------
183 // PLY_SET_IN_SCOPE
184 //--------------------------------------------
185
1435
1436 static void* alloc(uptr numBytes);
1437 static void* realloc(void* ptr, uptr numBytes);
1438 static void free(void* ptr);
1439 static void* allocAligned(uptr numBytes, u32 alignment);
1440
1441 // Sets a callback that will be invoked whenever a heap allocation fails.
1442 static void setOutOfMemoryHandler(Functor&lt;void()&gt; handler);
1443 // Returns current heap allocation counters and system-memory usage totals.
1444 static Stats getStats();
1445 // Validates internal heap invariants in assert-enabled builds.
1446 static void validate();
1447
1448 // Perfect forwarding
1449 template &lt;typename T, typename... Args&gt;
1450 static T* create(Args&amp;&amp;... args) {
1451 T* obj = (T*) alloc(sizeof(T));
1452 new (obj) T{std::forward&lt;Args&gt;(args)...};
1453 return obj;
1454 }
1455
1456 template &lt;typename T&gt;
1457 static void destroy(T* obj) {
1458 if (obj) {
1459 obj-&gt;~T();
1460 free(obj);
1461 }
1462 }
1463
1464 private:
1465 static Functor&lt;void()&gt; outOfMemoryHandler;
1466 };
1467
1468 #if defined(PLY_WINDOWS)
1469
1470 inline void Thread::run(Functor&lt;void()&gt;&amp;&amp; entry) {
1471 PLY_ASSERT(this-&gt;handle == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE);
1472 auto* functor = Heap::create&lt;Functor&lt;void()&gt;&gt;(std::move(entry));
1473 this-&gt;handle = CreateThread(NULL, 0, threadEntry, functor, 0, NULL);
1474 }
1475
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-14-15-377Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-14-15-377Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:14:15.377Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:14:15.377Z">2026-02-25T13:14:15.377Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 5367f5
Wall time: 0.0514 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 9959
Output:
580 // ██ ██ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄
581 // ██▀▀██ ██▄▄██ ▄▄▄██ ██ ██
582 // ██ ██ ▀█▄▄▄ ▀█▄▄██ ██▄▄█▀
583 // ██
584
585 Functor&lt;void()&gt; Heap::outOfMemoryHandler;
586
587 void Heap::setOutOfMemoryHandler(Functor&lt;void()&gt; handler) {
588 outOfMemoryHandler = std::move(handler);
589 }
590
591 #if PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR
592
593 // Implements the bespoke heap allocator used by ply::Heap.
594 class HeapImpl {
595 private:
596 //--------------------------------------------------------------------
597 // 1. Constants
598 //--------------------------------------------------------------------
599
600 // Small bins use 8-byte size classes for chunk sizes below 256 bytes.
601 static constexpr u32 NumSmallBins = 32;
602 // Tree bins store larger free chunks with size-ordered search trees.
603 static constexpr u32 NumTreeBins = 32;
604 // The width of each small-bin size class.
605 static constexpr uptr SmallBinStep = 8;
606 // The largest chunk size routed through small bins.
607 static constexpr uptr SmallBinLimit = NumSmallBins * SmallBinStep;
608 // All chunk payload addresses are aligned to 16 bytes.
609 static constexpr uptr ChunkAlignment = 16;
610 // Boundary-tag flag marking an allocated chunk.
611 static constexpr uptr InUseBit = 1;
612 // Boundary-tag flag marking that the previous chunk is allocated.
613 static constexpr uptr PrevInUseBit = 2;
614 // Boundary-tag flag marking a chunk directly mapped from the OS.
615 static constexpr uptr DirectMappedBit = 4;
616 // Mask of all boundary-tag flags.
617 static constexpr uptr FlagMask = InUseBit | PrevInUseBit | DirectMappedBit;
618 // Requests at or above this chunk size are mapped directly from the OS.
619 static constexpr uptr DirectMapThreshold = 256 * 1024;
620 // Default size used when provisioning a new virtual-memory segment.
621 static constexpr uptr DefaultSegmentBytes = 1024 * 1024;
622
623 //--------------------------------------------------------------------
624 // 2. Types
625 //--------------------------------------------------------------------
626
627 // Header words common to regular chunks and fence-post sentinels.
628 struct ChunkHeader {
629 uptr prevFoot = 0;
630 uptr head = 0;
631 };
632
633 // A heap chunk with boundary tags and intrusive free-list/tree metadata.
634 struct Chunk : ChunkHeader {
635 union {
636 struct {
637 Chunk* smallPrev;
638 Chunk* smallNext;
639 };
640 struct {
641 Chunk* treeParent;
642 Chunk* treeLeft;
643 Chunk* treeRight;
644 };
645 };
646
647 // Returns the chunk size encoded in the boundary tag.
648 uptr getSize() const {
649 return this-&gt;head &amp; ~FlagMask;
650 }
651 // Returns true if the chunk is currently allocated.
652 bool getInUse() const {
653 return (this-&gt;head &amp; InUseBit) != 0;
654 }
655 // Returns true if the previous chunk is currently allocated.
656 bool getPrevInUse() const {
657 return (this-&gt;head &amp; PrevInUseBit) != 0;
658 }
659 // Returns true if the chunk came from direct virtual-memory mapping.
660 bool getDirectMapped() const {
661 return (this-&gt;head &amp; DirectMappedBit) != 0;
662 }
663 // Returns the user pointer associated with this chunk.
664 void* memFromChunk() {
665 return (void*) (((u8*) this) + sizeof(ChunkHeader));
666 }
667 // Returns the immutable user pointer associated with this chunk.
668 const void* memFromChunk() const {
669 return (const void*) (((const u8*) this) + sizeof(ChunkHeader));
670 }
671 // Converts a user pointer back to its owning chunk.
672 static Chunk* chunkFromMem(void* mem) {
673 return (Chunk*) (((u8*) mem) - sizeof(ChunkHeader));
674 }
675 // Returns the next chunk in memory.
676 Chunk* nextChunk() {
677 return (Chunk*) (((u8*) this) + this-&gt;getSize());
678 }
679 // Returns the next chunk header in memory.
680 ChunkHeader* nextHeader() {
681 return (ChunkHeader*) (((u8*) this) + this-&gt;getSize());
682 }
683 // Returns the previous chunk in memory. Caller must ensure prev is free.
684 Chunk* prevChunk() {
685 return (Chunk*) (((u8*) this) - this-&gt;prevFoot);
686 }
687 // Sets the full boundary tag for this chunk.
688 void setSizeAndFlags(uptr size, bool inUse, bool prevInUse, bool directMapped = false) {
689 this-&gt;head = size | (inUse ? InUseBit : 0) | (prevInUse ? PrevInUseBit : 0) |
690 (directMapped ? DirectMappedBit : 0);
691 }
692 };
693
694 // Tracks a reserved/committed virtual-memory segment used for regular chunks.
695 struct Segment {
696 Segment* prev = nullptr;
697 Segment* next = nullptr;
698 uptr numBytes = 0;
699 Chunk* firstChunk = nullptr;
700 ChunkHeader* fence = nullptr;
701 };
702
703 // Tracks a large direct-mapped chunk and its backing virtual-memory mapping.
704 struct DirectChunk {
705 DirectChunk* prev = nullptr;
706 DirectChunk* next = nullptr;
707 uptr mappingSize = 0;
708 Chunk chunk;
709 };
710
711 // Tracks metadata for pointers returned from Heap::allocAligned.
712 struct AlignedAllocHeader {
713 AlignedAllocHeader* prev = nullptr;
714 AlignedAllocHeader* next = nullptr;
715 void* alignedPtr = nullptr;
716 void* basePtr = nullptr;
717 uptr requestedBytes = 0;
718 };
719
720 //--------------------------------------------------------------------
721 // 3. Chunk headers
722 //--------------------------------------------------------------------
723
724 // Returns the aligned minimum chunk size that can hold free-chunk metadata.
725 static uptr minChunkSize() {
726 return uptr(alignToPowerOf2((u64) sizeof(Chunk), (u64) ChunkAlignment));
727 }
728
729 // Converts a chunk size request into an aligned chunk size including header.
730 static uptr requestToChunkSize(uptr numBytes) {
731 if (numBytes == 0) {
732 numBytes = 1;
733 }
734 if (numBytes &gt; getMaxValue&lt;uptr&gt;() - sizeof(ChunkHeader) - ChunkAlignment) {
735 return 0;
736 }
737 uptr chunkSize = numBytes + sizeof(ChunkHeader);
738 chunkSize = uptr(alignToPowerOf2((u64) chunkSize, (u64) ChunkAlignment));
739 if (chunkSize &lt; minChunkSize()) {
740 chunkSize = minChunkSize();
741 }
742 return chunkSize;
743 }
744
745 // Returns true when a chunk should be managed by small bins.
746 static bool isSmallChunk(uptr chunkSize) {
747 return chunkSize &lt; SmallBinLimit;
748 }
749
750 // Returns the small-bin index for a given chunk size.
751 static u32 smallBinIndex(uptr chunkSize) {
752 PLY_ASSERT(chunkSize &lt; SmallBinLimit);
753 return numericCast&lt;u32&gt;(chunkSize / SmallBinStep);
754 }
755
756 // Returns floor(log2(value)) for non-zero inputs.
757 static u32 floorLog2(uptr value) {
758 PLY_ASSERT(value &gt; 0);
759 u32 log2 = 0;
760 while (value &gt;&gt;= 1) {
980 for (u32 i = startBin; i &lt; NumTreeBins; i++) {
981 Chunk* node = this-&gt;treeBins[i];
982 if (!node) {
983 continue;
984 }
985 Chunk* candidate = nullptr;
986 while (node) {
987 if (node-&gt;getSize() &gt;= chunkSize) {
988 candidate = node;
989 node = node-&gt;treeLeft;
990 } else {
991 node = node-&gt;treeRight;
992 }
993 }
994 if (candidate &amp;&amp; (candidate-&gt;getSize() &lt; bestSize ||
995 (candidate-&gt;getSize() == bestSize &amp;&amp; candidate &lt; best))) {
996 best = candidate;
997 bestSize = candidate-&gt;getSize();
998 if (bestSize == chunkSize) {
999 break;
1000 }
1001 }
1002 }
1003 return best;
1004 }
1005
1006 //--------------------------------------------------------------------
1007 // 7. Virtual memory segment management
1008 //--------------------------------------------------------------------
1009
1010 // Initializes VM configuration and allocator bookkeeping.
1011 void ensureInitialized() {
1012 if (this-&gt;initialized) {
1013 return;
1014 }
1015 this-&gt;vmProps = VirtualMemory::getProperties();
1016 this-&gt;initialized = true;
1017 }
1018
1019 // Returns the segment that owns a regular chunk pointer.
1020 Segment* findSegmentForChunk(const Chunk* chunk) const {
1021 const u8* ptr = (const u8*) chunk;
1022 for (Segment* seg = this-&gt;segmentHead; seg; seg = seg-&gt;next) {
1023 const u8* begin = (const u8*) seg;
1024 const u8* end = begin + seg-&gt;numBytes;
1025 if (ptr &gt;= begin &amp;&amp; ptr &lt; end) {
1026 return seg;
1027 }
1028 }
1029 return nullptr;
1030 }
1031
1032 // Provisions a new VM segment and installs its free space as the top chunk.
1033 bool addSegment(uptr minimumTopBytes) {
1034 uptr neededBytes = sizeof(Segment) + minimumTopBytes + sizeof(ChunkHeader) + ChunkAlignment;
1035 uptr regionBytes = max(DefaultSegmentBytes, neededBytes);
1036 regionBytes = uptr(alignToPowerOf2((u64) regionBytes, (u64) this-&gt;vmProps.regionAlignment));
1037 void* region = VirtualMemory::allocRegion(regionBytes);
1038 if (!region) {
1039 return false;
1040 }
1041
1042 Segment* segment = (Segment*) region;
1043 segment-&gt;prev = this-&gt;segmentTail;
1044 segment-&gt;next = nullptr;
1045 segment-&gt;numBytes = regionBytes;
1046 if (this-&gt;segmentTail) {
1047 this-&gt;segmentTail-&gt;next = segment;
1048 } else {
1049 this-&gt;segmentHead = segment;
1050 }
1051 this-&gt;segmentTail = segment;
1052
1053 u8* chunkStart = (u8*) region + sizeof(Segment);
1054 chunkStart = (u8*) (uptr(alignToPowerOf2((u64) (uptr) chunkStart, (u64) ChunkAlignment)));
1055 ChunkHeader* fence = (ChunkHeader*) (((u8*) region) + regionBytes - sizeof(ChunkHeader));
1056 uptr topBytes = uptr((u8*) fence - chunkStart);
1057 if (topBytes &lt; minChunkSize()) {
1058 if (segment-&gt;prev) {
1059 segment-&gt;prev-&gt;next = nullptr;
1060 } else {
1061 this-&gt;segmentHead = nullptr;
1062 }
1063 this-&gt;segmentTail = segment-&gt;prev;
1064 VirtualMemory::freeRegion(region, regionBytes);
1065 return false;
1066 }
1067
1068 Chunk* newTop = (Chunk*) chunkStart;
1069 writeFreeChunkHeader(newTop, topBytes, true);
1070 fence-&gt;head = InUseBit;
1071
1072 segment-&gt;firstChunk = newTop;
1073 segment-&gt;fence = fence;
1074
1075 if (this-&gt;top) {
1076 if (this-&gt;designatedVictim) {
1077 insertBinnedChunk(this-&gt;designatedVictim);
1078 }
1079 this-&gt;designatedVictim = this-&gt;top;
1080 }
1081 this-&gt;top = newTop;
1082 this-&gt;stats.totalSystemMemoryUsed += regionBytes;
1083 return true;
1084 }
1085
1086 // Releases a fully free segment back to the operating system.
1087 bool releaseSegmentIfCompletelyFree(Chunk* chunk) {
1088 Segment* segment = findSegmentForChunk(chunk);
1089 if (!segment) {
1090 return false;
1091 }
1092 if (chunk != segment-&gt;firstChunk) {
1093 return false;
1094 }
1095 if (chunk-&gt;nextHeader() != segment-&gt;fence) {
1096 return false;
1097 }
1098
1099 if (this-&gt;top == chunk) {
1100 this-&gt;top = nullptr;
1101 }
1102 if (this-&gt;designatedVictim == chunk) {
1103 this-&gt;designatedVictim = nullptr;
1104 }
1105
1106 if (segment-&gt;prev) {
1107 segment-&gt;prev-&gt;next = segment-&gt;next;
1108 } else {
1109 this-&gt;segmentHead = segment-&gt;next;
1110 }
1111 if (segment-&gt;next) {
1112 segment-&gt;next-&gt;prev = segment-&gt;prev;
1113 } else {
1114 this-&gt;segmentTail = segment-&gt;prev;
1115 }
1116
1117 this-&gt;stats.totalSystemMemoryUsed -= segment-&gt;numBytes;
1118 VirtualMemory::freeRegion(segment, segment-&gt;numBytes);
1119 return true;
1120 }
1121
1122 //--------------------------------------------------------------------
1123 // 8. Large chunk functions that use the system&#x27;s virtual memory API directly
1124 //--------------------------------------------------------------------
1125
1126 // Converts an in-use direct-mapped chunk pointer to its direct-map header.
1127 static DirectChunk* directFromChunk(Chunk* chunk) {
1128 return (DirectChunk*) (((u8*) chunk) - PLY_OFFSET_OF(DirectChunk, chunk));
1129 }
1130
1131 // Allocates a large chunk directly from the operating system.
1132 void* allocateDirectMappedChunk(uptr chunkSize) {
1133 uptr payloadBytes = chunkSize - sizeof(ChunkHeader);
1134 uptr mapBytes = sizeof(DirectChunk) + payloadBytes;
1135 mapBytes = uptr(alignToPowerOf2((u64) mapBytes, (u64) this-&gt;vmProps.regionAlignment));
1136 DirectChunk* direct = (DirectChunk*) VirtualMemory::allocRegion(mapBytes);
1137 if (!direct) {
1138 return nullptr;
1139 }
1140 direct-&gt;mappingSize = mapBytes;
1141 direct-&gt;prev = nullptr;
1142 direct-&gt;next = this-&gt;directHead;
1143 if (this-&gt;directHead) {
1144 this-&gt;directHead-&gt;prev = direct;
1145 }
1146 this-&gt;directHead = direct;
1147
1148 direct-&gt;chunk.setSizeAndFlags(chunkSize, true, true, true);
1149 this-&gt;stats.totalBytesConsumed += chunkSize;
1150 this-&gt;stats.totalSystemMemoryUsed += mapBytes;
1151 return direct-&gt;chunk.memFromChunk();
1152 }
1153
1154 // Frees a direct-mapped chunk and releases its virtual-memory mapping.
1155 void freeDirectMappedChunk(Chunk* chunk) {
1156 DirectChunk* direct = directFromChunk(chunk);
1157 if (direct-&gt;prev) {
1158 direct-&gt;prev-&gt;next = direct-&gt;next;
1159 } else {
1160 this-&gt;directHead = direct-&gt;next;
1161 }
1162 if (direct-&gt;next) {
1163 direct-&gt;next-&gt;prev = direct-&gt;prev;
1164 }
1165 this-&gt;stats.totalBytesConsumed -= chunk-&gt;getSize();
1166 this-&gt;stats.totalSystemMemoryUsed -= direct-&gt;mappingSize;
1167 VirtualMemory::freeRegion(direct, direct-&gt;mappingSize);
1168 }
1169
1170 //--------------------------------------------------------------------
1171 // 9. Internal allocation and free functions that wrap all of the above
1172 //--------------------------------------------------------------------
1173
1174 // Looks up aligned-allocation metadata for an exact user pointer.
1175 AlignedAllocHeader* findAlignedHeader(void* ptr) const {
1176 for (AlignedAllocHeader* header = this-&gt;alignedHead; header; header = header-&gt;next) {
1177 if (header-&gt;alignedPtr == ptr) {
1178 return header;
1179 }
1180 }
1181 return nullptr;
1182 }
1183
1184 // Adds a header to the aligned-allocation metadata list.
1185 void linkAlignedHeader(AlignedAllocHeader* header) {
1186 header-&gt;prev = nullptr;
1187 header-&gt;next = this-&gt;alignedHead;
1188 if (this-&gt;alignedHead) {
1189 this-&gt;alignedHead-&gt;prev = header;
1190 }
1191 this-&gt;alignedHead = header;
1192 }
1193
1194 // Removes a header from the aligned-allocation metadata list.
1195 void unlinkAlignedHeader(AlignedAllocHeader* header) {
1196 if (header-&gt;prev) {
1197 header-&gt;prev-&gt;next = header-&gt;next;
1198 } else {
1199 this-&gt;alignedHead = header-&gt;next;
1200 }
1201 if (header-&gt;next) {
1202 header-&gt;next-&gt;prev = header-&gt;prev;
1203 }
1204 header-&gt;prev = nullptr;
1205 header-&gt;next = nullptr;
1206 }
1207
1208 // Places a single free chunk in designated-victim storage.
1209 void storeDesignatedVictim(Chunk* chunk) {
1210 PLY_ASSERT(!chunk-&gt;getInUse());
1211 if (this-&gt;designatedVictim) {
1212 insertBinnedChunk(this-&gt;designatedVictim);
1213 }
1214 this-&gt;designatedVictim = chunk;
1215 }
1216
1217 // Splits a free chunk for allocation and routes any remainder to designated-victim storage.
1218 Chunk* useFreeChunk(Chunk* chunk, uptr neededSize) {
1219 uptr chunkBytes = chunk-&gt;getSize();
1220 bool prevInUse = chunk-&gt;getPrevInUse();
1221 uptr remainderBytes = chunkBytes - neededSize;
1222 if (remainderBytes &gt;= minChunkSize()) {
1223 Chunk* remainder = (Chunk*) (((u8*) chunk) + neededSize);
1224 writeFreeChunkHeader(remainder, remainderBytes, true);
1225 writeInUseChunkHeader(chunk, neededSize, prevInUse);
1226 storeDesignatedVictim(remainder);
1227 } else {
1228 writeInUseChunkHeader(chunk, chunkBytes, prevInUse);
1229 }
1230 this-&gt;stats.totalBytesConsumed += chunk-&gt;getSize();
1231 return chunk;
1232 }
1233
1234 // Attempts to satisfy an allocation from small bins.
1235 Chunk* takeSmallBinChunk(uptr neededSize) {
1236 if (!isSmallChunk(neededSize)) {
1237 return nullptr;
1238 }
1239 u32 idx = smallBinIndex(neededSize);
1240 u32 bits = this-&gt;smallMap &amp; (~0u &lt;&lt; idx);
1241 if (!bits) {
1242 return nullptr;
1243 }
1244 u32 chosen = firstSetBit(bits);
1245 Chunk* chunk = this-&gt;smallBins[chosen];
1246 unlinkSmallChunk(chunk);
1247 return useFreeChunk(chunk, neededSize);
1248 }
1249
1250 // Attempts to satisfy an allocation from the designated-victim chunk.
1251 Chunk* takeDesignatedVictimChunk(uptr neededSize) {
1252 if (!this-&gt;designatedVictim || (this-&gt;designatedVictim-&gt;getSize() &lt; neededSize)) {
1253 return nullptr;
1254 }
1255 Chunk* chunk = this-&gt;designatedVictim;
1256 this-&gt;designatedVictim = nullptr;
1257 return useFreeChunk(chunk, neededSize);
1258 }
1259
1260 // Attempts to satisfy an allocation from tree bins.
1261 Chunk* takeTreeBinChunk(uptr neededSize) {
1262 Chunk* chunk = findBestTreeChunk(neededSize);
1263 if (!chunk) {
1264 return nullptr;
1265 }
1380 ptr = header-&gt;basePtr;
1381 unlinkAlignedHeader(header);
1382 }
1383 Chunk* chunk = Chunk::chunkFromMem(ptr);
1384 if (chunk-&gt;getDirectMapped()) {
1385 freeDirectMappedChunk(chunk);
1386 return;
1387 }
1388 this-&gt;stats.totalBytesConsumed -= chunk-&gt;getSize();
1389 writeFreeChunkHeader(chunk, chunk-&gt;getSize(), chunk-&gt;getPrevInUse());
1390 recycleFreeChunk(chunk);
1391 }
1392
1393 // Reallocates a chunk while preserving existing contents.
1394 void* reallocLocked(void* ptr, uptr numBytes) {
1395 if (!ptr) {
1396 return allocLocked(numBytes);
1397 }
1398 if (numBytes == 0) {
1399 freeLocked(ptr);
1400 return nullptr;
1401 }
1402
1403 if (AlignedAllocHeader* header = findAlignedHeader(ptr)) {
1404 void* newPtr = allocLocked(numBytes);
1405 if (!newPtr) {
1406 return nullptr;
1407 }
1408 memcpy(newPtr, ptr, min(header-&gt;requestedBytes, numBytes));
1409 void* basePtr = header-&gt;basePtr;
1410 unlinkAlignedHeader(header);
1411 freeLocked(basePtr);
1412 return newPtr;
1413 }
1414
1415 Chunk* chunk = Chunk::chunkFromMem(ptr);
1416 uptr neededSize = requestToChunkSize(numBytes);
1417 if (neededSize == 0) {
1418 return nullptr;
1419 }
1420
1421 if (chunk-&gt;getDirectMapped()) {
1422 uptr oldPayloadBytes = chunk-&gt;getSize() - sizeof(ChunkHeader);
1423 if (neededSize &lt;= chunk-&gt;getSize()) {
1424 uptr oldSize = chunk-&gt;getSize();
1425 chunk-&gt;setSizeAndFlags(neededSize, true, true, true);
1426 this-&gt;stats.totalBytesConsumed -= (oldSize - neededSize);
1427 return ptr;
1428 }
1429 void* newPtr = allocLocked(numBytes);
1430 if (!newPtr) {
1431 return nullptr;
1432 }
1433 memcpy(newPtr, ptr, min(oldPayloadBytes, numBytes));
1434 freeDirectMappedChunk(chunk);
1435 return newPtr;
1436 }
1437
1438 uptr oldSize = chunk-&gt;getSize();
1439 uptr oldPayloadBytes = oldSize - sizeof(ChunkHeader);
1440 if (neededSize &lt;= oldSize) {
1441 uptr remainderBytes = oldSize - neededSize;
1442 if (remainderBytes &gt;= minChunkSize()) {
1443 bool prevInUse = chunk-&gt;getPrevInUse();
1444 writeInUseChunkHeader(chunk, neededSize, prevInUse);
1445 Chunk* remainder = (Chunk*) (((u8*) chunk) + neededSize);
1446 writeFreeChunkHeader(remainder, remainderBytes, true);
1447 this-&gt;stats.totalBytesConsumed -= remainderBytes;
1448 recycleFreeChunk(remainder);
1449 }
1450 return ptr;
1451 }
1452
1453 ChunkHeader* nextHeader = chunk-&gt;nextHeader();
1454 if ((nextHeader-&gt;head &amp; InUseBit) == 0) {
1455 Chunk* next = (Chunk*) nextHeader;
1456 uptr combined = oldSize + next-&gt;getSize();
1457 if (combined &gt;= neededSize) {
1458 if (next == this-&gt;designatedVictim) {
1459 this-&gt;designatedVictim = nullptr;
1460 } else if (next == this-&gt;top) {
1461 this-&gt;top = nullptr;
1462 } else {
1463 unlinkBinnedChunk(next);
1464 }
1465
1466 uptr remainderBytes = combined - neededSize;
1467 bool prevInUse = chunk-&gt;getPrevInUse();
1468 if (remainderBytes &gt;= minChunkSize()) {
1469 writeInUseChunkHeader(chunk, neededSize, prevInUse);
1470 Chunk* remainder = (Chunk*) (((u8*) chunk) + neededSize);
1471 writeFreeChunkHeader(remainder, remainderBytes, true);
1472 recycleFreeChunk(remainder);
1473 this-&gt;stats.totalBytesConsumed += (neededSize - oldSize);
1474 } else {
1475 writeInUseChunkHeader(chunk, combined, prevInUse);
1476 this-&gt;stats.totalBytesConsumed += (combined - oldSize);
1477 }
1478 return ptr;
1479 }
1480 }
1481
1482 void* newPtr = allocLocked(numBytes);
1483 if (!newPtr) {
1484 return nullptr;
1485 }
1486 memcpy(newPtr, ptr, min(oldPayloadBytes, numBytes));
1487 freeLocked(ptr);
1488 return newPtr;
1489 }
1490
1491 // Allocates a chunk with explicit alignment and tracks metadata for safe free/realloc.
1492 void* allocAlignedLocked(uptr numBytes, u32 alignment) {
1493 ensureInitialized();
1494 if (alignment &lt; ChunkAlignment) {
1495 alignment = numericCast&lt;u32&gt;(ChunkAlignment);
1496 } else {
1497 PLY_ASSERT(isPowerOf2(alignment));
1498 }
1499 if (alignment == ChunkAlignment) {
1500 return allocLocked(numBytes);
1501 }
1502 if (numBytes &gt; getMaxValue&lt;uptr&gt;() - alignment - sizeof(AlignedAllocHeader)) {
1503 return nullptr;
1504 }
1505 uptr requestBytes = numBytes + alignment + sizeof(AlignedAllocHeader);
1506 void* basePtr = allocLocked(requestBytes);
1507 if (!basePtr) {
1508 return nullptr;
1509 }
1510 uptr alignedAddr = uptr(alignToPowerOf2((u64) (uptr(basePtr) + sizeof(AlignedAllocHeader)), (u64) alignment));
1511 AlignedAllocHeader* header = (AlignedAllocHeader*) (alignedAddr - sizeof(AlignedAllocHeader));
1512 header-&gt;alignedPtr = (void*) alignedAddr;
1513 header-&gt;basePtr = basePtr;
1514 header-&gt;requestedBytes = numBytes;
1515 linkAlignedHeader(header);
1516 return header-&gt;alignedPtr;
1517 }
1518
1519 //--------------------------------------------------------------------
1520 // 10. Validation helpers
1521 //--------------------------------------------------------------------
1522
1523 #if defined(PLY_WITH_ASSERTS)
1524 // Counts occurrences of a chunk pointer in all small bins.
1525 u32 countChunkInSmallBins(const Chunk* target) const {
1526 u32 count = 0;
1527 for (u32 i = 0; i &lt; NumSmallBins; i++) {
1528 for (Chunk* node = this-&gt;smallBins[i]; node; node = node-&gt;smallNext) {
1529 if (node == target) {
1530 count++;
1531 }
1532 }
1533 }
1534 return count;
1535 }
1536
1537 // Counts occurrences of a chunk pointer in a single tree.
1538 static u32 countChunkInTree(const Chunk* root, const Chunk* target) {
1539 if (!root) {
1540 return 0;
1541 }
1542 u32 count = (root == target) ? 1u : 0u;
1543 count += countChunkInTree(root-&gt;treeLeft, target);
1544 count += countChunkInTree(root-&gt;treeRight, target);
1545 return count;
1546 }
1547
1548 // Counts occurrences of a chunk pointer in all tree bins.
1549 u32 countChunkInTreeBins(const Chunk* target) const {
1550 u32 count = 0;
1551 for (u32 i = 0; i &lt; NumTreeBins; i++) {
1552 count += countChunkInTree(this-&gt;treeBins[i], target);
1553 }
1554 return count;
1555 }
1556
1557 // Validates ordering and parent links of one tree bin.
1558 static void validateTree(Chunk* node, Chunk* parent, uptr minSize, const Chunk* minPtr, uptr maxSize,
1559 const Chunk* maxPtr, u32 expectedBin, uptr* nodeCount) {
1560 if (!node) {
1561 return;
1562 }
1563 (*nodeCount)++;
1564 PLY_ASSERT(node-&gt;treeParent == parent);
1565 PLY_ASSERT(!node-&gt;getInUse());
1566 PLY_ASSERT(!isSmallChunk(node-&gt;getSize()));
1567 PLY_ASSERT(treeBinIndex(node-&gt;getSize()) == expectedBin);
1568
1569 bool aboveMin = (node-&gt;getSize() &gt; minSize) || ((node-&gt;getSize() == minSize) &amp;&amp; (node &gt; minPtr));
1570 bool belowMax = (node-&gt;getSize() &lt; maxSize) || ((node-&gt;getSize() == maxSize) &amp;&amp; (node &lt; maxPtr));
1571 PLY_ASSERT(aboveMin);
1572 PLY_ASSERT(belowMax);
1573
1574 validateTree(node-&gt;treeLeft, node, minSize, minPtr, node-&gt;getSize(), node, expectedBin, nodeCount);
1575 validateTree(node-&gt;treeRight, node, node-&gt;getSize(), node, maxSize, maxPtr, expectedBin, nodeCount);
1576 }
1577
1578 // Validates complete allocator consistency and counter integrity.
1579 void validateLocked() const {
1580 uptr recomputedAllocatedBytes = 0;
1581 uptr recomputedSystemBytes = 0;
1582 uptr freeChunksExpectedInBins = 0;
1583
1584 if (this-&gt;top) {
1585 PLY_ASSERT(!this-&gt;top-&gt;getInUse());
1586 PLY_ASSERT(!this-&gt;top-&gt;getDirectMapped());
1587 Segment* topSeg = this-&gt;findSegmentForChunk(this-&gt;top);
1588 PLY_ASSERT(topSeg != nullptr);
1589 PLY_ASSERT(this-&gt;top-&gt;nextHeader() == topSeg-&gt;fence);
1590 }
1591 if (this-&gt;designatedVictim) {
1592 PLY_ASSERT(!this-&gt;designatedVictim-&gt;getInUse());
1593 PLY_ASSERT(!this-&gt;designatedVictim-&gt;getDirectMapped());
1594 PLY_ASSERT(this-&gt;findSegmentForChunk(this-&gt;designatedVictim) != nullptr);
1595 }
1596 if (this-&gt;top &amp;&amp; this-&gt;designatedVictim) {
1597 PLY_ASSERT(this-&gt;top != this-&gt;designatedVictim);
1598 }
1599
1600 for (Segment* seg = this-&gt;segmentHead; seg; seg = seg-&gt;next) {
1601 recomputedSystemBytes += seg-&gt;numBytes;
1602 PLY_ASSERT(seg-&gt;firstChunk != nullptr);
1603 PLY_ASSERT(seg-&gt;fence != nullptr);
1604 Chunk* chunk = seg-&gt;firstChunk;
1605 while ((ChunkHeader*) chunk != seg-&gt;fence) {
1606 uptr chunkSize = chunk-&gt;getSize();
1607 PLY_ASSERT(chunkSize &gt;= minChunkSize());
1608 PLY_ASSERT(isAlignedToPowerOf2((u64) chunkSize, (u64) ChunkAlignment));
1609 PLY_ASSERT((chunk-&gt;head &amp; DirectMappedBit) == 0);
1610 ChunkHeader* next = chunk-&gt;nextHeader();
1611 PLY_ASSERT(next-&gt;prevFoot == chunkSize);
1612 PLY_ASSERT(((next-&gt;head &amp; PrevInUseBit) != 0) == chunk-&gt;getInUse());
1613
1614 if (chunk-&gt;getInUse()) {
1615 recomputedAllocatedBytes += chunkSize;
1616 } else {
1617 PLY_ASSERT((next-&gt;head &amp; InUseBit) != 0);
1618 u32 smallCount = countChunkInSmallBins(chunk);
1619 u32 treeCount = countChunkInTreeBins(chunk);
1620 if (chunk == this-&gt;top || chunk == this-&gt;designatedVictim) {
1621 PLY_ASSERT(smallCount == 0);
1622 PLY_ASSERT(treeCount == 0);
1623 } else if (isSmallChunk(chunkSize)) {
1624 PLY_ASSERT(smallCount == 1);
1625 PLY_ASSERT(treeCount == 0);
1626 freeChunksExpectedInBins++;
1627 } else {
1628 PLY_ASSERT(smallCount == 0);
1629 PLY_ASSERT(treeCount == 1);
1630 freeChunksExpectedInBins++;
1631 }
1632 }
1633 chunk = (Chunk*) next;
1634 }
1635 PLY_ASSERT((seg-&gt;fence-&gt;head &amp; InUseBit) != 0);
1636 }
1637
1638 uptr countedSmallNodes = 0;
1639 for (u32 i = 0; i &lt; NumSmallBins; i++) {
1640 bool hasNodes = (this-&gt;smallBins[i] != nullptr);
1641 PLY_ASSERT(((this-&gt;smallMap &gt;&gt; i) &amp; 1u) == (hasNodes ? 1u : 0u));
1642 Chunk* prev = nullptr;
1643 for (Chunk* node = this-&gt;smallBins[i]; node; node = node-&gt;smallNext) {
1644 countedSmallNodes++;
1645 PLY_ASSERT(!node-&gt;getInUse());
1646 PLY_ASSERT(isSmallChunk(node-&gt;getSize()));
1647 PLY_ASSERT(smallBinIndex(node-&gt;getSize()) == i);
1648 PLY_ASSERT(node-&gt;smallPrev == prev);
1649 PLY_ASSERT(node != this-&gt;top);
1650 PLY_ASSERT(node != this-&gt;designatedVictim);
1651 PLY_ASSERT(this-&gt;findSegmentForChunk(node) != nullptr);
1652 prev = node;
1653 }
1654 }
1655
1656 uptr countedTreeNodes = 0;
1657 for (u32 i = 0; i &lt; NumTreeBins; i++) {
1658 bool hasNodes = (this-&gt;treeBins[i] != nullptr);
1659 PLY_ASSERT(((this-&gt;treeMap &gt;&gt; i) &amp; 1u) == (hasNodes ? 1u : 0u));
1660 if (!this-&gt;treeBins[i]) {
1661 continue;
1662 }
1663 PLY_ASSERT(this-&gt;treeBins[i]-&gt;treeParent == nullptr);
1664 validateTree(this-&gt;treeBins[i], nullptr, 0, nullptr, getMaxValue&lt;uptr&gt;(), (const Chunk*) -1, i,
1665 &amp;countedTreeNodes);
1666 }
1667
1668 PLY_ASSERT(countedSmallNodes + countedTreeNodes == freeChunksExpectedInBins);
1669
1670 for (DirectChunk* direct = this-&gt;directHead; direct; direct = direct-&gt;next) {
1671 if (direct-&gt;next) {
1672 PLY_ASSERT(direct-&gt;next-&gt;prev == direct);
1673 }
1674 if (direct-&gt;prev) {
1675 PLY_ASSERT(direct-&gt;prev-&gt;next == direct);
1676 }
1677 PLY_ASSERT(direct-&gt;chunk.getInUse());
1678 PLY_ASSERT(direct-&gt;chunk.getDirectMapped());
1679 recomputedAllocatedBytes += direct-&gt;chunk.getSize();
1680 recomputedSystemBytes += direct-&gt;mappingSize;
1681 }
1682
1683 for (AlignedAllocHeader* header = this-&gt;alignedHead; header; header = header-&gt;next) {
1684 if (header-&gt;next) {
1685 PLY_ASSERT(header-&gt;next-&gt;prev == header);
1686 }
1687 if (header-&gt;prev) {
1688 PLY_ASSERT(header-&gt;prev-&gt;next == header);
1689 }
1690 PLY_ASSERT(header-&gt;alignedPtr != nullptr);
1691 PLY_ASSERT(header-&gt;basePtr != nullptr);
1692 PLY_ASSERT((uptr) header-&gt;alignedPtr &gt;= (uptr) header-&gt;basePtr + sizeof(AlignedAllocHeader));
1693 Chunk* base = Chunk::chunkFromMem(header-&gt;basePtr);
1694 PLY_ASSERT(base-&gt;getInUse());
1695 }
1696
1697 PLY_ASSERT(recomputedAllocatedBytes == this-&gt;stats.totalBytesConsumed);
1698 PLY_ASSERT(recomputedSystemBytes == this-&gt;stats.totalSystemMemoryUsed);
1699 }
1700 #endif
1701
1702 public:
1703 // Allocates memory from the heap under a lock.
1704 void* alloc(uptr numBytes) {
1705 LockGuard&lt;Mutex&gt; lock{this-&gt;mutex};
1706 return allocLocked(numBytes);
1707 }
1708
1709 // Reallocates memory from the heap under a lock.
1710 void* realloc(void* ptr, uptr numBytes) {
1711 LockGuard&lt;Mutex&gt; lock{this-&gt;mutex};
1712 return reallocLocked(ptr, numBytes);
1713 }
1714
1715 // Frees memory from the heap under a lock.
1716 void free(void* ptr) {
1717 LockGuard&lt;Mutex&gt; lock{this-&gt;mutex};
1718 freeLocked(ptr);
1719 }
1720
1721 // Allocates aligned memory from the heap under a lock.
1722 void* allocAligned(uptr numBytes, u32 alignment) {
1723 LockGuard&lt;Mutex&gt; lock{this-&gt;mutex};
1724 return allocAlignedLocked(numBytes, alignment);
1725 }
1726
1727 // Returns heap usage counters under a lock.
1728 Heap::Stats getStats() {
1729 LockGuard&lt;Mutex&gt; lock{this-&gt;mutex};
1730 ensureInitialized();
1731 return this-&gt;stats;
1732 }
1733
1734 #if defined(PLY_WITH_ASSERTS)
1735 // Validates heap internal invariants under a lock.
1736 void validate() {
1737 LockGuard&lt;Mutex&gt; lock{this-&gt;mutex};
1738 ensureInitialized();
1739 validateLocked();
1740 }
1741 #endif
1742 };
1743
1744 // Returns the singleton allocator implementation instance.
1745 static HeapImpl&amp; getHeapImpl() {
1746 static HeapImpl impl;
1747 return impl;
1748 }
1749
1750 // Allocates memory from the selected allocator implementation.
1751 void* Heap::alloc(uptr numBytes) {
1752 void* ptr = getHeapImpl().alloc(numBytes);
1753 if (!ptr &amp;&amp; outOfMemoryHandler) {
1754 outOfMemoryHandler();
1755 }
1756 return ptr;
1757 }
1758
1759 // Reallocates memory from the selected allocator implementation.
1760 void* Heap::realloc(void* ptr, uptr numBytes) {
1761 void* newPtr = getHeapImpl().realloc(ptr, numBytes);
1762 if (!newPtr &amp;&amp; numBytes != 0 &amp;&amp; outOfMemoryHandler) {
1763 outOfMemoryHandler();
1764 }
1765 return newPtr;
1798 if (!ptr &amp;&amp; outOfMemoryHandler) {
1799 outOfMemoryHandler();
1800 }
1801 return ptr;
1802 }
1803
1804 void* Heap::realloc(void* ptr, uptr numBytes) {
1805 void* newPtr = dlrealloc(ptr, numBytes);
1806 if (!newPtr &amp;&amp; outOfMemoryHandler) {
1807 outOfMemoryHandler();
1808 }
1809 return newPtr;
1810 }
1811
1812 void Heap::free(void* ptr) {
1813 dlfree(ptr);
1814 }
1815
1816 void* Heap::allocAligned(uptr numBytes, u32 alignment) {
1817 void* ptr = dlmemalign(alignment, numBytes);
1818 if (!ptr &amp;&amp; outOfMemoryHandler) {
1819 outOfMemoryHandler();
1820 }
1821 return ptr;
1822 }
1823
1824 Heap::Stats Heap::getStats() {
1825 Heap::Stats stats;
1826 static_assert(sizeof(DLMallocStats) == sizeof(Heap::Stats), &quot;DLMallocStats layout mismatch&quot;);
1827 static_assert(alignof(DLMallocStats) == alignof(Heap::Stats), &quot;DLMallocStats alignment mismatch&quot;);
1828 dlget_heap_stats((DLMallocStats*) &amp;stats);
1829 return stats;
1830 }
1831
1832 void Heap::validate() {
1833 #if defined(PLY_WITH_ASSERTS)
1834 // Validation is only implemented by the bespoke allocator.
1835 #endif
1836 }
1837
1838 #endif
1839
1840 #if !defined(PLY_OVERRIDE_NEW)
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-14-15-377Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-14-15-377Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:14:15.377Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:14:15.377Z">2026-02-25T13:14:15.377Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 9a93e7
Wall time: 0.0515 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 1643
Output:
100 }
101
102 // ▄▄ ▄▄
103 // ██ ██ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄
104 // ██▀▀██ ██▄▄██ ▄▄▄██ ██ ██
105 // ██ ██ ▀█▄▄▄ ▀█▄▄██ ██▄▄█▀
106 // ██
107
108 #undef TEST_CASE_PREFIX
109 #define TEST_CASE_PREFIX Heap_
110
111 TEST_CASE(&quot;Heap::getStats&quot;) {
112 Heap::Stats beginStats = Heap::getStats();
113
114 void* a = Heap::alloc(64);
115 void* b = Heap::alloc(4096);
116 check(a != nullptr);
117 check(b != nullptr);
118
119 Heap::Stats duringStats = Heap::getStats();
120 check(duringStats.totalBytesConsumed &gt;= beginStats.totalBytesConsumed + 64 + 4096);
121 check(duringStats.totalSystemMemoryUsed &gt;= duringStats.totalBytesConsumed);
122
123 Heap::free(a);
124 Heap::free(b);
125
126 Heap::Stats endStats = Heap::getStats();
127 check(endStats.totalBytesConsumed &lt;= duringStats.totalBytesConsumed);
128 check(endStats.totalSystemMemoryUsed &gt;= endStats.totalBytesConsumed);
129 }
130
131 TEST_CASE(&quot;Heap::setOutOfMemoryHandler&quot;) {
132 u32 outOfMemoryHandlerCallCount = 0;
133 Heap::setOutOfMemoryHandler([&amp;]() { outOfMemoryHandlerCallCount++; });
134
135 void* ptr = Heap::alloc(getMaxValue&lt;uptr&gt;());
136 check(ptr == nullptr);
137 check(outOfMemoryHandlerCallCount == 1);
138
139 Heap::setOutOfMemoryHandler({});
140 }
141
142 TEST_CASE(&quot;Heap::allocAligned&quot;) {
143 const u32 alignments[] = {16, 32, 64, 128, 256};
144 for (u32 alignment : alignments) {
145 void* ptr = Heap::allocAligned(113, alignment);
146 check(ptr != nullptr);
147 check(isAlignedToPowerOf2((u64) (uptr) ptr, (u64) alignment));
148 if (ptr) {
149 memset(ptr, 0x5A, 113);
150 Heap::free(ptr);
151 }
152 }
153 Heap::validate();
154 }
155
156 TEST_CASE(&quot;Heap::realloc grow/shrink&quot;) {
157 u32 initialBytes = 96;
158 u8* ptr = (u8*) Heap::alloc(initialBytes);
159 check(ptr != nullptr);
160 if (!ptr) {
161 return;
162 }
163
164 for (u32 i = 0; i &lt; initialBytes; i++) {
165 ptr[i] = (u8) (i ^ 0xA5);
166 }
167
168 u32 grownBytes = 2048;
169 u8* grown = (u8*) Heap::realloc(ptr, grownBytes);
170 check(grown != nullptr);
171 if (!grown) {
172 Heap::free(ptr);
173 return;
174 }
175 for (u32 i = 0; i &lt; initialBytes; i++) {
176 check(grown[i] == (u8) (i ^ 0xA5));
177 }
178
179 u32 shrunkBytes = 64;
180 u8* shrunk = (u8*) Heap::realloc(grown, shrunkBytes);
181 check(shrunk != nullptr);
182 if (!shrunk) {
183 Heap::free(grown);
184 return;
185 }
186 for (u32 i = 0; i &lt; shrunkBytes; i++) {
187 check(shrunk[i] == (u8) (i ^ 0xA5));
188 }
189
190 Heap::free(shrunk);
191 Heap::validate();
192 }
193
194 TEST_CASE(&quot;Heap coalescing&quot;) {
195 void* a = Heap::alloc(120);
196 void* b = Heap::alloc(120);
197 void* c = Heap::alloc(120);
198 check(a != nullptr);
199 check(b != nullptr);
200 check(c != nullptr);
201 if (!(a &amp;&amp; b &amp;&amp; c)) {
202 Heap::free(a);
203 Heap::free(b);
204 Heap::free(c);
205 return;
206 }
207
208 Heap::free(a);
209 Heap::free(b);
210 void* d = Heap::alloc(220);
211 check(d != nullptr);
212 check(d == a);
213
214 Heap::free(d);
215 Heap::free(c);
216 Heap::validate();
217 }
218
219 TEST_CASE(&quot;Heap stress&quot;) {
220 struct Block {
221 void* ptr = nullptr;
222 u32 numBytes = 0;
223 };
224
225 Random rand{0x12345678};
226 Array&lt;Block&gt; blocks;
227 for (u32 i = 0; i &lt; 4000; i++) {
228 u32 action = rand.generateU32() % 3;
229 if (blocks.isEmpty() || action == 0) {
230 u32 numBytes = (rand.generateU32() % 4096) + 1;
231 if ((rand.generateU32() % 64) == 0) {
232 numBytes += 256 * 1024;
233 }
234 void* ptr = Heap::alloc(numBytes);
235 check(ptr != nullptr);
236 if (ptr) {
237 blocks.append({ptr, numBytes});
238 }
239 } else if (action == 1) {
240 u32 index = rand.generateU32() % blocks.numItems();
241 u32 newBytes = (rand.generateU32() % 4096) + 1;
242 if ((rand.generateU32() % 64) == 0) {
243 newBytes += 256 * 1024;
244 }
245 void* ptr = Heap::realloc(blocks[index].ptr, newBytes);
246 check(ptr != nullptr);
247 if (ptr) {
248 blocks[index].ptr = ptr;
249 blocks[index].numBytes = newBytes;
250 }
251 } else {
252 u32 index = rand.generateU32() % blocks.numItems();
253 Heap::free(blocks[index].ptr);
254 blocks.eraseQuick(index);
255 }
256
257 if ((i % 128) == 0) {
258 Heap::validate();
259 }
260 }
261
262 for (const Block&amp; block : blocks) {
263 Heap::free(block.ptr);
264 }
265 Heap::validate();
266 }
267
268 TEST_CASE(&quot;Heap multithread smoke&quot;) {
269 Atomic&lt;u32&gt; failures = 0;
270 static constexpr u32 NumThreads = 4;
271 static constexpr u32 Iterations = 1200;
272 Thread threads[NumThreads];
273
274 for (u32 t = 0; t &lt; NumThreads; t++) {
275 threads[t].run([&amp;failures, t]() {
276 Random rand{t + 1};
277 Array&lt;void*&gt; ptrs;
278 for (u32 i = 0; i &lt; Iterations; i++) {
279 if (ptrs.isEmpty() || (rand.generateU32() % 2) == 0) {
280 u32 numBytes = (rand.generateU32() % 2048) + 1;
281 void* ptr = Heap::alloc(numBytes);
282 if (ptr) {
283 ptrs.append(ptr);
284 } else {
285 failures.fetchAdd(1, AcqRel);
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-14-15-434Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-14-15-434Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:14:15.434Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:14:15.434Z">2026-02-25T13:14:15.434Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 4bfeed
Wall time: 0.0512 seconds
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Original token count: 1283
Output:
18 static T* create&lt;T&gt;(Args&amp;&amp;... args)
19 static void destroy(T* obj)
20 -- Monitoring the heap
21 static void setOutOfMemoryHandler(Functor&lt;void()&gt; handler)
22 static Heap::Stats getStats()
23 static void validate()
24 {/apiSummary}
25
26 The Plywood heap is separate from the C Standard Library&#x27;s heap. Both heaps can coexist in the same program, but
27 memory allocated from a specific heap must always be freed using the same heap.
28
29 Heap backend selection is controlled by `PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR`:
30
31 - `PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR=1` (default): Uses Plywood&#x27;s bespoke allocator in `ply::HeapImpl`.
32 - `PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR=0`: Uses the legacy [dlmalloc](https://gee.cs.oswego.edu/dl/html/malloc.html) backend.
33
34 For internal implementation details of the bespoke allocator, see [Heap Design](/docs/base/heap-design).
35
36 `Heap` is thread-safe. All member functions can be called concurrently from separate threads.
37
38 ### Low-level Allocation
39
40 {apiDescriptions class=Heap}
41 static void* alloc(uptr numBytes)
42 --
43 Allocates a block of memory from the Plywood heap. Equivalent to `malloc`. Always returns 16-byte aligned memory, suitable for SIMD vectors. Returns `nullptr` if allocation fails.
44
45 &gt;&gt;
46 static void* realloc(void* ptr, uptr numBytes)
47 --
48 Resizes a previously allocated block. The contents are preserved up to the smaller of the old and new sizes. May return a different pointer.
49
50 &gt;&gt;
51 static void* free(void* ptr)
52 --
53 Frees a previously allocated block, returning the memory to the heap.
54
55 &gt;&gt;
56 static void* allocAligned(uptr numBytes, u32 alignment)
57 --
58 Allocates memory with a specific alignment. Use for alignments greater than 16 bytes.
59 {/apiDescriptions}
60
61 ### Creating and Destroying Objects
62
63 By default, Plywood will override C++ `new` and `delete` to use the Plywood heap. If you don&#x27;t want this behavior, perhaps because you&#x27;re integrating Plywood into an existing application, define [`PLY_OVERRIDE_NEW=0`](/docs/configuration).
64
65 You can create and destroy C++ objects in the Plywood heap directly using `Heap::create` and `Heap::destroy`, which essentially work like `new` and `delete`:
66
67 {apiDescriptions class=Heap}
68 template &lt;typename Type&gt; static Type* create&lt;Type&gt;(Args&amp;&amp;... args)
69 --
70 Allocates heap memory for an object of type `Type` and calls the constructor. The provided arguments are passed to the constructor using [perfect forwarding](https://isocpp.org/blog/2012/11/universal-references-in-c11-scott-meyers).
71
72 &gt;&gt;
73 template &lt;typename Type&gt; static void destroy(Type* obj)
74 --
75 Invokes the destructor of an object and frees its memory back to the heap.
76 {/apiDescriptions}
77
78 {example}
79 Owned&lt;Foo&gt; createFoo() {
80 return Heap::create&lt;Foo&gt;();
81 }
82
83 void destroy(Foo* foo) {
84 Heap::destroy(foo);
85 }
86 {/example}
87
88 ### Monitoring the Heap
89
90 {apiDescriptions class=Heap}
91 static void setOutOfMemoryHandler(Functor&lt;void()&gt; handler)
92 --
93 Sets an out-of-memory handler. `handler` will be called if an allocation fails due to insufficient system memory.
94
95 Out-of-memory events are usually unrecoverable. There&#x27;s really no ideal way to handle them, other than to collect a report when the event occurs so that the issue can be investigated. In general, developers should establish a memory budget and aim to stay within it.
96
97 &gt;&gt;
98 static Heap::Stats getStats()
99 --
100 Returns statistics about heap usage. `numBytesAllocated` is the sum of the sizes of all allocated blocks. `virtualMemorySize`, a larger number, is the total amount of system memory used to store those blocks, including bookkeeping overhead and unused space.
101
102 ```cpp
103 struct Heap::Stats {
104 uptr totalBytesConsumed; // Total number of bytes consumed by heap allocations including chunk headers.
105 uptr totalSystemMemoryUsed; // Total number of bytes currently committed via the system&#x27;s VirtualMemory API.
106 }
107 ```
108
109 &gt;&gt;
110 static void validate()
111 --
112 Validates the heap&#x27;s internal consistency. Useful for debugging. Will force an immediate crash if the heap is
113 corrupted, which is usually caused by a memory overrun or dangling pointer. Inserting calls to `validate` can help
114 track down the cause of the corruption.
115
116 `validate` performs checks only when `PLY_WITH_ASSERTS` is enabled.
117 {/apiDescriptions}
118
119 ## `VirtualMemory`
120
121 The `VirtualMemory` class is a platform-independent wrapper for mapping virtual memory to physical memory.
122
123 {apiSummary class=VirtualMemory title=&quot;VirtualMemory member functions&quot;}
124 -- System Information
125 static Properties getProperties()
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<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-14-15-437Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-14-15-437Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:14:15.437Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:14:15.437Z">2026-02-25T13:14:15.437Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 17269a
Wall time: 0.0512 seconds
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Output:
1 [
2 {&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Introduction&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;intro&quot;},
3 {&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Getting Started&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;getting-started&quot;},
4 {&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Project Overview&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;overview&quot;},
5 {&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Configuration Options&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;configuration&quot;},
6 {&quot;title&quot;: &quot;OS and Common Primitives&quot;, &quot;header-file&quot;: &quot;ply-base.h&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;base&quot;, &quot;children&quot;: [
7 {&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Preprocessor Macros&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;base/macros&quot;},
8 {&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Integer Types&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;base/integers&quot;},
9 {&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Numeric Functions&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;base/numeric-functions&quot;},
10 {&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Time and Date&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;base/time-date&quot;},
11 {&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Random Numbers&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;base/random&quot;},
12 {&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Memory&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;base/memory&quot;, &quot;children&quot;: [
13 {&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Heap Design&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;base/heap-design&quot;}
14 ]},
15 {&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Strings&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;base/strings&quot;},
16 {&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Arrays&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;base/arrays&quot;},
17 {&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Hash Maps&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;base/hash-maps&quot;},
18 {&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Object Ownership&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;base/ownership&quot;},
19 {&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Functors&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;base/functors&quot;},
20 {&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Variant Types&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;base/variants&quot;},
21 {&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Generic Algorithms&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;base/algorithms&quot;},
22 {&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Input and Output&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;base/input-output&quot;},
23 {&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Manipulating Text&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;base/text&quot;},
24 {&quot;title&quot;: &quot;The Filesystem&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;base/filesystem&quot;},
25 {&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Threads&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;base/threads&quot;},
26 {&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Processes&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;base/processes&quot;}
27 ]},
28 {&quot;title&quot;: &quot;2D and 3D Math&quot;, &quot;header-file&quot;: &quot;ply-math.h&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;math&quot;},
29 {&quot;title&quot;: &quot;TCP/IP Networking&quot;, &quot;header-file&quot;: &quot;ply-network.h&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;network&quot;},
30 {&quot;title&quot;: &quot;B-Trees&quot;, &quot;header-file&quot;: &quot;ply-btree.h&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;btrees&quot;},
31 {&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Text Parsers&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;parsers&quot;, &quot;children&quot;: [
32 {&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Tokenizer&quot;, &quot;header-file&quot;: &quot;ply-tokenizer.h&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;parsers/tokenizer&quot;},
33 {&quot;title&quot;: &quot;JSON&quot;, &quot;header-file&quot;: &quot;ply-json.h&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;parsers/json&quot;},
34 {&quot;title&quot;: &quot;Markdown&quot;, &quot;header-file&quot;: &quot;ply-markdown.h&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;parsers/markdown&quot;},
35 {&quot;title&quot;: &quot;C++ Parser&quot;, &quot;header-file&quot;: &quot;ply-cpp.h&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;parsers/cpp&quot;}
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-14-15-441Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-14-15-441Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:14:15.441Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:14:15.441Z">2026-02-25T13:14:15.441Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 599875
Wall time: 0.0518 seconds
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Output:
1 # Configuration Options
2
3 You can customize Plywood by defining the following preprocessor macros in your project&#x27;s build settings.
4
5 {table caption=&quot;Configuration Options&quot;}
6 `PLY_CONFIG_FILE` | The path to a file that will be automatically included by [`&lt;ply-base.h&gt;`](/docs/common). Additional configuration options can be put here.
7 `PLY_WITH_ASSERTS` | Enables [assertions](/docs/base/macros#assertions). Default is 1 in debug builds, 0 otherwise.
8 `PLY_WITH_DIRECTORY_WATCHER` | Enables the [`DirectoryWatcher`](/docs/base/filesystem#directory-watcher). Default is 0.
9 `PLY_OVERRIDE_NEW` | Overrides the C++ `new` and `delete` operators to allocate from the [Plywood heap](/docs/base/memory#heap). Default is 1.
10 `PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR` | Selects the heap backend. `1` uses Plywood&#x27;s bespoke allocator, `0` uses legacy dlmalloc. Default is 1.
11 {/table}
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<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-14-15-445Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-14-15-445Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:14:15.445Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:14:15.445Z">2026-02-25T13:14:15.445Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 14b56b
Wall time: 0.0520 seconds
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Output:
12
13 # plywood
14 add_source_files(PLYWOOD_SOURCES &quot;${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/../../src&quot; dlmalloc.c ply-base.* ply-btree.h ply-math.*)
15 if(WIN32)
16 add_source_files(PLYWOOD_SOURCES &quot;${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/../../src&quot; *.natvis)
17 endif()
18 add_library(plywood ${PLYWOOD_SOURCES})
19 target_include_directories(plywood PUBLIC &quot;${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/../../src&quot;)
20 if(DEFINED PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR)
21 target_compile_definitions(plywood PUBLIC PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR=${PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR})
22 endif()
23
24 # test-suite
25 add_source_files(BASE_LIBRARY_TEST_SOURCES &quot;${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}&quot; test-*.cpp)
26 add_executable(base-tests ${BASE_LIBRARY_TEST_SOURCES})
27 target_link_libraries(base-tests PRIVATE plywood)
28 target_compile_definitions(base-tests PRIVATE BASE_LIBRARY_TESTS_PATH=&quot;${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}&quot; BUILD_DIR=&quot;${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}&quot;)
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<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-14-15-447Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-14-15-447Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:14:15.447Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:14:15.447Z">2026-02-25T13:14:15.447Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 0a1562
Wall time: 0.0511 seconds
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Output:
12
13 # plywood
14 add_source_files(PLYWOOD_SOURCES &quot;${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/../../src&quot; dlmalloc.c ply-base.*)
15 if(WIN32)
16 add_source_files(PLYWOOD_SOURCES &quot;${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/../../src&quot; *.natvis)
17 endif()
18 add_library(plywood ${PLYWOOD_SOURCES})
19 target_include_directories(plywood PUBLIC &quot;${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/../../src&quot;)
20 if(DEFINED PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR)
21 target_compile_definitions(plywood PUBLIC PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR=${PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR})
22 endif()
23
24 # fragmentation-test
25 add_source_files(HEAP_STRESS_TEST_SOURCES &quot;${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}&quot; fragmentation-test.cpp)
26 add_executable(fragmentation-test ${HEAP_STRESS_TEST_SOURCES})
27 target_link_libraries(fragmentation-test PRIVATE plywood)
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<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-14-15-449Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-14-15-449Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:14:15.449Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:14:15.449Z">2026-02-25T13:14:15.449Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 6a3eba
Wall time: 0.0515 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 1393
Output:
1 {title text=&quot;Heap Design&quot; include=&quot;ply-base.h&quot; namespace=&quot;ply&quot;}
2
3 This page describes the internal design of Plywood&#x27;s bespoke heap allocator (`PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR=1`).
4 It is an implementation note for maintainers and contributors.
5
6 ## Internal Heap State
7
8 The allocator is implemented by an internal `HeapImpl` object. Its global state is conceptually:
9
10 ```cpp
11 struct HeapState {
12 Mutex mutex;
13
14 Segment* segmentHead;
15 Segment* segmentTail;
16
17 Chunk* smallBins[32];
18 Chunk* treeBins[32];
19 u32 smallMap;
20 u32 treeMap;
21
22 Chunk* designatedVictim;
23 Chunk* top;
24
25 DirectChunk* directHead;
26
27 Heap::Stats stats;
28 };
29 ```
30
31 ### Linked list of virtual memory segments allocated from the underlying OS
32
33 `segmentHead`/`segmentTail` track all regular heap segments allocated with `VirtualMemory::allocRegion`.
34 Each segment contains a sequence of boundary-tag chunks plus an in-use fence-post header at the end.
35
36 ### Table of small bins
37
38 `smallBins[32]` stores free chunks with sizes `&lt; 256` bytes.
39 Each bin is a doubly linked list. Size classes are 8-byte wide.
40
41 ### Table of tree bins
42
43 `treeBins[32]` stores free chunks with sizes `&gt;= 256` bytes.
44 Each tree is ordered by `(chunkSize, address)` and searched with best-fit logic.
45
46 ### Linked list of direct-mapped chunks
47
48 `directHead` tracks large allocations that bypass regular segments and map memory directly from the OS.
49 These chunks are marked with a dedicated boundary-tag flag and are released with `VirtualMemory::freeRegion`.
50
51 ### Internal counters
52
53 `stats.totalBytesConsumed` is the sum of in-use chunk sizes (including chunk headers).
54 `stats.totalSystemMemoryUsed` is the total currently mapped/committed memory used by segments and direct maps.
55
56 ## Virtual Memory Segments
57
58 A regular segment is carved into sequential chunks:
59
60 ```text
61 [Segment header][chunk][chunk][chunk]...[fence header]
62 ```
63
64 Chunk headers use boundary tags:
65
66 ```cpp
67 struct ChunkHeader {
68 uptr prevFoot; // size of previous chunk when previous chunk is free
69 uptr head; // chunk size plus in-use flags
70 };
71
72 struct Chunk : ChunkHeader {
73 // Free-chunk links:
74 // - small-bin doubly-linked list pointers, or
75 // - tree parent/left/right pointers
76 };
77 ```
78
79 - Chunks are contiguous in memory and navigated by `size` fields.
80 - `prevFoot` plus the `prev-in-use` bit allows O(1) backward coalescing.
81 - Freeing is immediately coalescing: if adjacent chunks are free, they are merged at once.
82 - The final header in a segment is a permanently in-use fence post.
83
84 ## How Allocation Works
85
86 Allocation routes through one of four paths: small bins, designated victim, tree bins, or top chunk. Very large requests use direct mapping.
87
88 ### Pseudocode
89
90 ```text
91 alloc(numBytes):
92 size = align_and_add_header(numBytes)
93
94 if size &gt;= direct_map_threshold:
95 return direct_map_alloc(size)
96
97 chunk = find_small_bin_fit(size)
98 if not chunk:
99 chunk = use_designated_victim(size)
100 if not chunk:
101 chunk = find_best_fit_tree_chunk(size)
102 if not chunk:
103 chunk = split_from_top_or_grow_segments(size)
104
105 return chunk_to_mem(chunk)
106 ```
107
108 ### Small-bin codepath
109
110 - For requests `&lt; 256` bytes, small bins are checked first.
111 - If a suitable free chunk is found, it is unlinked.
112 - If the chunk is larger than needed, the tail remainder is split and kept as the designated-victim chunk.
113
114 ### Tree-bin codepath
115
116 - For `&gt;= 256` bytes, the allocator does a best-fit tree search.
117 - The chosen node is removed from its tree.
118 - The chunk is split if needed, and remainders are routed through designated-victim storage.
119
120 ### Direct-mapped codepath
121
122 - Large requests skip bins and segment space.
123 - A dedicated mapping is created with `VirtualMemory::allocRegion`.
124 - The mapped chunk is linked into `directHead` and marked `direct-mapped`.
125 - On free, it is unlinked and returned directly to the OS.
126
127 ### Top-chunk codepath
128
129 - `top` is the wilderness chunk at the end of one segment.
130 - If no bin candidate exists, allocation splits `top`.
131 - If `top` is too small, a new segment is mapped and installed as the new wilderness source.
132
133 ## Notes for Junior Programmers
134
135 - Boundary tags are what make constant-time coalescing possible.
136 - Immediate coalescing avoids long-lived adjacent free chunks, reducing fragmentation pressure.
137 - Small bins are fast for common tiny allocations; tree bins control fragmentation for larger sizes.
138 - The designated-victim chunk is a hot free chunk cache that avoids unnecessary bin traffic.
139 - `Heap::validate()` is your first debugging tool for corruption: call it frequently while narrowing bugs.
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-14-19-466Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-14-19-466Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:14:19.466Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:14:19.466Z">2026-02-25T13:14:19.466Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Extending test line range</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-14-19-466Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-14-19-466Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:14:19.466Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:14:19.466Z">2026-02-25T13:14:19.466Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Extending test line range</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-14-19-719Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-14-19-719Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:14:19.719Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:14:19.719Z">2026-02-25T13:14:19.719Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_nESGfDezv1yg9yL4K9ZWUxao"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;nl -ba apps/base-tests/test-cases.cpp | sed -n &#39;285,360p&#39;&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-14-19-813Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-14-19-813Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:14:19.813Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:14:19.813Z">2026-02-25T13:14:19.813Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: 7fa81c
Wall time: 0.0502 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 725
Output:
285 failures.fetchAdd(1, AcqRel);
286 }
287 } else {
288 u32 index = rand.generateU32() % ptrs.numItems();
289 Heap::free(ptrs[index]);
290 ptrs.eraseQuick(index);
291 }
292 }
293 for (void* ptr : ptrs) {
294 Heap::free(ptr);
295 }
296 });
297 }
298 for (u32 t = 0; t &lt; NumThreads; t++) {
299 threads[t].join();
300 }
301
302 check(failures.load(Acquire) == 0);
303 Heap::validate();
304 }
305
306 TEST_CASE(&quot;Heap::validate&quot;) {
307 Heap::validate();
308 void* ptr = Heap::alloc(256);
309 check(ptr != nullptr);
310 Heap::validate();
311 Heap::free(ptr);
312 Heap::validate();
313 }
314
315 // ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄
316 // ██ ██ ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄ ██▄▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄
317 // ██▀▀██ ▄▄▄██ ▀█▄▄▄ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██
318 // ██ ██ ▀█▄▄██ ▄▄▄█▀ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██ ▀█▄▄██
319 // ▄▄▄█▀
320
321 #undef TEST_CASE_PREFIX
322 #define TEST_CASE_PREFIX Hashing_
323
324 TEST_CASE(&quot;shuffle_bits() 32&quot;) {
325 Random rand;
326 for (u32 i = 0; i &lt; 1000; i++) {
327 u32 value = rand.generateU32();
328 u32 shuffled = shuffleBits(value);
329 u32 unshuffled = unshuffleBits(shuffled);
330 check(value == unshuffled);
331 }
332 }
333
334 TEST_CASE(&quot;shuffle_bits() 64&quot;) {
335 Random rand;
336 for (u32 i = 0; i &lt; 1000; i++) {
337 u64 value = rand.generateU32();
338 u64 shuffled = shuffleBits(value);
339 u64 unshuffled = unshuffleBits(shuffled);
340 check(value == unshuffled);
341 }
342 }
343
344 // ▄▄▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄
345 // ██ ▀▀ ▄██▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄
346 // ▀▀▀█▄ ██ ██ ▀▀ ██ ██ ██ ██ ██
347 // ▀█▄▄█▀ ▀█▄▄ ██ ██ ██ ██ ▀█▄▄██
348 // ▄▄▄█▀
349
350 #undef TEST_CASE_PREFIX
351 #define TEST_CASE_PREFIX String_
352
353 TEST_CASE(&quot;String self-assignment&quot;) {
354 String str = &quot;How now brown cow?&quot;;
355 str = str.shortenedBy(1);
356 check(str == &quot;How now brown cow&quot;);
357 }
358
359 TEST_CASE(&quot;String find&quot;) {
360 String str = &quot;abcdefgh&quot;;
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-14-23-274Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-14-23-274Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:14:23.274Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:14:23.274Z">2026-02-25T13:14:23.274Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Considering style warning check</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-14-23-275Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-14-23-275Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:14:23.275Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:14:23.275Z">2026-02-25T13:14:23.275Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Considering style warning check</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-14-23-432Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-14-23-432Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:14:23.432Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:14:23.432Z">2026-02-25T13:14:23.432Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_tb9wGhlv6mA87OX0EddzdSRZ"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;git diff --stat&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-14-23-525Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-14-23-525Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:14:23.525Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:14:23.525Z">2026-02-25T13:14:23.525Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: daf3ec
Wall time: 0.0516 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 121
Output:
apps/base-tests/CMakeLists.txt | 3 +
apps/base-tests/test-cases.cpp | 173 +++++
apps/fragmentation-test/CMakeLists.txt | 3 +
docs/base/memory.md | 16 +-
docs/configuration.md | 1 +
docs/contents.json | 4 +-
src/ply-base.cpp | 1217 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
src/ply-base.h | 6 +
8 files changed, 1419 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
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<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-14-26-881Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-14-26-881Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:14:26.881Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:14:26.881Z">2026-02-25T13:14:26.881Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Highlighting added documentation file</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-14-26-881Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-14-26-881Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:14:26.881Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:14:26.881Z">2026-02-25T13:14:26.881Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Highlighting added documentation file</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-14-27-041Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-14-27-041Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:14:27.041Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:14:27.041Z">2026-02-25T13:14:27.041Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="tool-use" data-tool-id="call_5aDgWOKteTDeZUBj6fiBMtbm"><div class="tool-header"><span class="tool-icon">⚙</span> exec_command</div><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre class="json">{
&#34;cmd&#34;: &#34;tail -n 2 /tmp/base-new.txt &amp;&amp; tail -n 2 /tmp/base-old.txt&#34;
}</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message tool-reply" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-14-27-137Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Tool reply</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-14-27-137Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:14:27.137Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:14:27.137Z">2026-02-25T13:14:27.137Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content"><div class="tool-result"><div class="truncatable"><div class="truncatable-content"><pre>Chunk ID: ce39ef
Wall time: 0.0502 seconds
Process exited with code 0
Original token count: 43
Output:
[101/101] Usage stats with alloc/free... success
101/101 test cases passed (100.000%)
[101/101] Usage stats with alloc/free... success
101/101 test cases passed (100.000%)
</pre></div><button class="expand-btn">Show more</button></div></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-14-41-595Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-14-41-595Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:14:41.595Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:14:41.595Z">2026-02-25T13:14:41.595Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Planning final implementation summary</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-14-41-596Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-14-41-596Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:14:41.596Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:14:41.596Z">2026-02-25T13:14:41.596Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="thinking"><div class="thinking-label">Thinking</div><p><strong>Planning final implementation summary</strong></p></div></div></div>
<div class="message assistant" id="msg-2026-02-25T13-14-52-992Z"><div class="message-header"><span class="role-label">Assistant</span><a href="#msg-2026-02-25T13-14-52-992Z" class="timestamp-link"><time datetime="2026-02-25T13:14:52.992Z" data-timestamp="2026-02-25T13:14:52.992Z">2026-02-25T13:14:52.992Z</time></a></div><div class="message-content">
<div class="assistant-text"><p>Implemented end-to-end.</p>
<p><strong>What Changed</strong>
- Added compile-time switch default:
- <a href="/home/jeff/work/plywood/src/ply-base.h:162"><code>PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR</code> in <code>ply-base.h</code></a> (default <code>1</code>)
- Added <a href="/home/jeff/work/plywood/src/ply-base.h:1446"><code>Heap::validate()</code> declaration</a>
- Replaced Heap section with bespoke allocator (<code>HeapImpl</code>) under <a href="/home/jeff/work/plywood/src/ply-base.cpp:591"><code>#if PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR</code></a>:
- boundary-tag chunks + immediate coalescing
- 32 small bins (8-byte classes), 32 tree bins (best-fit), designated-victim chunk, top/wilderness chunk
- direct-mapped large allocations via <code>VirtualMemory</code>
- segment release back to OS when fully free
- thread-safe API via internal mutex
- full invariant scanner in <a href="/home/jeff/work/plywood/src/ply-base.cpp:1579"><code>validateLocked()</code></a>, called by <a href="/home/jeff/work/plywood/src/ply-base.cpp:1788"><code>Heap::validate()</code></a> only under <code>PLY_WITH_ASSERTS</code>
- Kept dlmalloc fallback path and fixed old-path aligned allocation call order:
- <a href="/home/jeff/work/plywood/src/ply-base.cpp:1817"><code>dlmemalign(alignment, numBytes)</code></a>
- Added allocator-focused tests in <a href="/home/jeff/work/plywood/apps/base-tests/test-cases.cpp:142"><code>apps/base-tests/test-cases.cpp</code></a>:
- alignment, realloc grow/shrink, coalescing, stress, multithread smoke, validate
- Added CMake passthrough for allocator switch in:
- <a href="/home/jeff/work/plywood/apps/base-tests/CMakeLists.txt:20"><code>apps/base-tests/CMakeLists.txt</code></a>
- <a href="/home/jeff/work/plywood/apps/fragmentation-test/CMakeLists.txt:20"><code>apps/fragmentation-test/CMakeLists.txt</code></a>
- Docs:
- New design doc <a href="/home/jeff/work/plywood/docs/base/heap-design.md:1"><code>docs/base/heap-design.md</code></a>
- TOC child page under Memory in <a href="/home/jeff/work/plywood/docs/contents.json:12"><code>docs/contents.json</code></a>
- Memory doc updates for switch/debug/link in <a href="/home/jeff/work/plywood/docs/base/memory.md:29"><code>docs/base/memory.md</code></a>
- Config option entry in <a href="/home/jeff/work/plywood/docs/configuration.md:10"><code>docs/configuration.md</code></a></p>
<p><strong>Build/Test Results</strong>
- <code>base-tests</code> with <code>PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR=1</code>: <code>101/101</code> passed.
- <code>base-tests</code> with <code>PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR=0</code>: <code>101/101</code> passed.
- <code>fragmentation-test</code> with <code>PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR=1</code>: ran successfully.
- <code>fragmentation-test</code> with <code>PLY_USE_NEW_ALLOCATOR=0</code>: ran successfully.</p>
<p><strong>Fragmentation-Test Counter Comparison (same workload)</strong>
- New allocator: <code>maxSystem=12,279,808</code>, <code>avgSystem=6,364,847</code>, <code>finalSystem=1,048,576</code>
- Old allocator: <code>maxSystem=11,100,160</code>, <code>avgSystem=5,229,247</code>, <code>finalSystem=3,256,320</code>
- Observed: new allocator keeps a larger active footprint during run, but ends with a smaller final retained footprint.</p></div></div></div>
</div>
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