ncurses alt, ctrl etc. key events

demo.c

// It turns out people don't really know how to handle Alt+ch, or F[1, 12] keys
// etc. in ncurses apps. Even StackOverflow is full of wrong answers and ideas.
// The key idea is to skip ncurses' key handling and read stuff from the stdin
// buffer manually. Here's a demo. Run this and start typing. ESC to exit.
//
// To compile:
//
// $ gcc demo.c -o demo -lncurses -std=gnu11

#include <ncurses.h>
#include <signal.h> // sigaction, sigemptyset etc.
#include <stdlib.h> // exit()
#include <string.h> // memset()
#include <unistd.h> // read()

static volatile sig_atomic_t got_sigwinch = 0;

static void sigwinch_handler(int sig)
{
    (void)sig;
    got_sigwinch = 1;
}

int read_stdin();

int main()
{
    // Register SIGWINCH signal handler to handle resizes: select() fails on
    // resize, but we want to know if it was a resize because don't want to
    // abort on resize.
    struct sigaction sa;
    sa.sa_handler = sigwinch_handler;
    sa.sa_flags = SA_RESTART;
    sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask);

    if (sigaction(SIGWINCH, &sa, NULL) == -1)
    {
        fprintf(stderr, "Can't register SIGWINCH action.\n");
        exit(1);
    }

    // Initialize ncurses
    initscr();
    curs_set(1);
    noecho();
    nodelay(stdscr, TRUE);
    raw();

    // select() setup. You usually want to add more stuff here (sockets etc.).
    fd_set readfds_orig;
    memset(&readfds_orig, 0, sizeof(fd_set));

    FD_SET(0, &readfds_orig);
    int max_fd = 0;

    fd_set* writefds = NULL;
    fd_set* exceptfds = NULL;
    struct timeval* timeout = NULL;

    // sigwinch counter, just to show how many SIGWINCHs caught.
    int sigwinchs = 0;

    // Main loop
    for (;;)
    {
        fd_set readfds = readfds_orig;
        if (select(max_fd + 1, &readfds, writefds, exceptfds, timeout) == -1)
        {
            // Handle errors. This is probably SIGWINCH.
            if (got_sigwinch)
            {
                endwin();
                clear();
                char sigwinch_msg[100];
                sprintf(sigwinch_msg, "got sigwinch (%d)", ++sigwinchs);
                mvaddstr(0, 0, sigwinch_msg);
                refresh();
            }
            else
            {
                break;
            }
        }
        else if (FD_ISSET(0, &readfds))
        {
            // stdin is ready for read()
            clear();
            int quit = read_stdin();
            if (quit)
                break;
            refresh();
        }
    }

    endwin();
    return 0;
}

static char* input_buffer_text = "input buffer: [";
static int input_buffer_text_len = 15; // ugh

int read_stdin()
{
    char buffer[1024];
    int size = read(0, buffer, sizeof(buffer) - 1);
    if (size == -1)
    {
        // Error on read(), this shouldn't really happen as it was ready for
        // reading before calling this.
        return 1;
    }
    else
    {
        // Check for ESC
        if (size == 1 && buffer[0] == 0x1B)
            return 1;

        // Show the buffer contents in hex
        mvaddstr(0, 0, input_buffer_text);
        char byte_str_buf[2];
        for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i)
        {
            sprintf(byte_str_buf, "%02X\0", buffer[i]);
            int x = input_buffer_text_len + (i * 4);
            mvaddnstr(0, x, byte_str_buf, 2);
            if (i != size - 1)
                mvaddch(0, x + 2, ',');
        }
        mvaddch(0, input_buffer_text_len + (size * 4) - 2, ']');

        // No errors so far
        return 0;
    }
}

demo.rs

extern crate libc;

/// Read stdin contents if it's ready for reading. Returns true when it was able
/// to read. Buffer is not modified when return value is 0.
fn read_input_events(buf : &mut Vec<u8>) -> bool {
    let mut bytes_available : i32 = 0; // this really needs to be a 32-bit value
    let ioctl_ret = unsafe { libc::ioctl(libc::STDIN_FILENO, libc::FIONREAD, &mut bytes_available) };
    // println!("ioctl_ret: {}", ioctl_ret);
    // println!("bytes_available: {}", bytes_available);
    if ioctl_ret < 0 || bytes_available == 0 {
        false
    } else {
        buf.clear();
        buf.reserve(bytes_available as usize);

        let buf_ptr : *mut libc::c_void = buf.as_ptr() as *mut libc::c_void;
        let bytes_read = unsafe { libc::read(libc::STDIN_FILENO, buf_ptr, bytes_available as usize) };
        debug_assert!(bytes_read == bytes_available as isize);

        unsafe { buf.set_len(bytes_read as usize); }
        true
    }
}

fn main() {
    // put the terminal in non-buffering, no-enchoing mode
    let mut old_term : libc::termios = unsafe { std::mem::zeroed() };
    unsafe { libc::tcgetattr(libc::STDIN_FILENO, &mut old_term); }

    let mut new_term : libc::termios = old_term.clone();
    new_term.c_lflag &= !(libc::ICANON | libc::ECHO);
    unsafe { libc::tcsetattr(libc::STDIN_FILENO, libc::TCSANOW, &new_term) };

    // Set up the descriptors for select()
    let mut fd_set : libc::fd_set = unsafe { std::mem::zeroed() };

    unsafe { libc::FD_SET(libc::STDIN_FILENO, &mut fd_set); }

    loop {
        let mut fd_set_ = fd_set.clone();
        let ret =
            unsafe {
                libc::select(1,
                             &mut fd_set_,           // read fds
                             std::ptr::null_mut(),   // write fds
                             std::ptr::null_mut(),   // error fds
                             std::ptr::null_mut())   // timeval
            };

        if unsafe { ret == -1 || libc::FD_ISSET(0, &mut fd_set_) } {
            let mut buf : Vec<u8> = vec![];
            if read_input_events(&mut buf) {
                println!("{:?}", buf);
            }
        }
    }


    // restore the old settings
    // (FIXME: This is not going to work as we have no way of exiting the loop
    // above)
    unsafe { libc::tcsetattr(libc::STDIN_FILENO, libc::TCSANOW, &old_term) };
}

You got it right, this solution is not portable. I'm not aware of any standards that map e.g. ctrl + shift + F1 to a byte sequence for the terminal implementers to use. However I tested this kind of complex key sequences many years ago and what I found was that some (maybe most) terminals follow xterm, so in tiny I decided to use the byte sequences used by xterm, in the term_input library.

I've been maintaining tiny since 2017 and we have some users, and no one complained so far that e.g. alt + right_arrow isn't working in their terminal. It may be that we don't have too many users, or they all use the same few terminals, I'm not sure.

@osa1 Good. I figured out how to work with it. And yet, if I don't want to manually match sequences in the code, is there any library (possibly inside ncurses) that already knows how to do this? Thanks

@daniilrozanov In tiny I have my own macro for this.

Usage: https://github.com/osa1/tiny/blob/54fecca31b6d10d41d8f54c4b806674ddc76740f/crates/term_input/src/lib.rs#L99-L210
Macro implementation: https://github.com/osa1/tiny/tree/54fecca31b6d10d41d8f54c4b806674ddc76740f/crates/term_input_macros

The macro generates matching code that checks each input byte once.

I'm not aware of any other libraries that do this.

Hello again. I figured out how to do this portable.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <termcap.h>

#define fatal(msg)                                                             \
  {                                                                            \
    printf(msg);                                                               \
    exit(1);                                                                   \
  }
#define fatall(msg, arg)                                                       \
  {                                                                            \
    printf(msg, arg);                                                          \
    exit(1);                                                                   \
  }

int main() {

#ifdef unix
  static char term_buffer[2048];
#else
#define term_buffer 0
#endif

  char *termtype = getenv("TERM");
  int success;

  success = tgetent(term_buffer, termtype);
  if (success < 0)
    fatal("Could not access the termcap data base.\n");
  if (success == 0)
    fatall("Terminal type `%s' is not defined.\n", termtype);

  char *DW;
  char *UP;

  DW = tgetstr("kd", 0); // kd means key down.
  UP = tgetstr("ku", 0); // ku - key up
  printf("%s\n", BC);
  printf("%s\n", UP);
  return 0;
}

termcap is the library that help to access to all sorts of terminal's capabilities. Access gets through 2 char alias for capability. For example tgetstr("ku", 0) will make UP contain [27, 79, 65] on my terminal (same as in your code)