Delimited Continuations shift/reset in Kotlin

Delimited.kt

import kotlin.coroutines.*
import kotlin.coroutines.intrinsics.*

/**
 * Implementation for Delimited Continuations `shift`/`reset` primitives via Kotlin Coroutines.
 * See [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delimited_continuation].
 *
 * The following LISP code:
 *
 * ```
 * (* 2 (reset (+ 1 (shift k (k 5)))))
 * ```
 *
 * translates to:
 *
 * ```
 * 2 * reset<Int> {
 *     1 + shift<Int> { k -> k(5) }
 * }
 * ```
 */
fun <T> reset(body: suspend DelimitedScope<T>.() -> T): T =
    DelimitedScopeImpl<T>().also { impl ->
        body.startCoroutine(impl, impl)
    }.runReset()

interface DelimitedContinuation<T, R>

@RestrictsSuspension
abstract class DelimitedScope<T> {
    abstract suspend fun <R> shift(block: suspend DelimitedScope<T>.(DelimitedContinuation<T, R>) -> T): R
    abstract suspend operator fun <R> DelimitedContinuation<T, R>.invoke(value: R): T
}

private typealias ShiftedFun<T> = (DelimitedScope<T>, DelimitedContinuation<T, Any?>, Continuation<T>) -> Any?

@Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
private class DelimitedScopeImpl<T> : DelimitedScope<T>(), Continuation<T>, DelimitedContinuation<T, Any?> {
    private var shifted: ShiftedFun<T>? = null
    private var shiftCont: Continuation<Any?>? = null
    private var invokeCont: Continuation<T>? = null
    private var invokeValue: Any? = null
    private var result: Result<T>? = null

    override val context: CoroutineContext
        get() = EmptyCoroutineContext

    override fun resumeWith(result: Result<T>) {
        this.result = result
    }

    override suspend fun <R> shift(block: suspend DelimitedScope<T>.(DelimitedContinuation<T, R>) -> T): R =
        suspendCoroutineUninterceptedOrReturn {
            this.shifted = block as ShiftedFun<T>
            this.shiftCont = it as Continuation<Any?>
            COROUTINE_SUSPENDED
        }

    override suspend fun <R> DelimitedContinuation<T, R>.invoke(value: R): T =
        suspendCoroutineUninterceptedOrReturn sc@{
            check(invokeCont == null)
            invokeCont = it
            invokeValue = value
            COROUTINE_SUSPENDED
        }

    fun runReset(): T {
        // This is the stack of continuation in the `shift { ... }` after call to delimited continuation
        var currentCont: Continuation<T> = this
        // Trampoline loop to avoid call stack usage
        loop@while (true) {
            // Call shift { ... } body or break if there are no more shift calls
            val shifted = takeShifted() ?: break
            // If shift does not call any continuation, then its value becomes the result -- break out of the loop
            try {
                val value = shifted.invoke(this, this, currentCont)
                if (value !== COROUTINE_SUSPENDED) {
                    result = Result.success(value as T)
                    break
                }
            } catch (e: Throwable) {
                result = Result.failure(e)
                break
            }
            // Shift has suspended - check if shift { ... } body had invoked continuation
            currentCont = takeInvokeCont() ?: continue@loop
            val shiftCont = takeShiftCont()
                ?: error("Delimited continuation is single-shot and cannot be invoked twice")
            shiftCont.resume(invokeValue)
        }
        // Propagate the result to all pending continuations in shift { ... } bodies
        currentCont.resumeWith(result!!)
        // Return the final result
        return result!!.getOrThrow()
    }

    private fun takeShifted() = shifted?.also { shifted = null }
    private fun takeShiftCont() = shiftCont?.also { shiftCont = null }
    private fun takeInvokeCont() = invokeCont?.also { invokeCont = null  }
}

DelimitedTest.kt

import org.junit.*
import kotlin.test.*

class DelimitedTest {
    @Test
    fun testNoShit() {
        val x = reset<Int> { 42 }
        assertEquals(42, x)
    }

    @Test
    fun testShiftOnly() {
        val x = reset<Int> {
            shift<Int> { k -> k(42) }
        }
        assertEquals(42, x)
    }

    @Test
    fun testShiftRight() {
        val x = reset<Int> {
            40 + shift<Int> { k -> k(2) }
        }
        assertEquals(42, x)
    }

    @Test
    fun testShiftLeft() {
        val x = reset<Int> {
            shift<Int> { k -> k(40) } + 2
        }
        assertEquals(42, x)
    }

    @Test
    fun testShiftBoth() {
        val x = reset<Int> {
            shift<Int> { k -> k(40) } +
                    shift<Int> { k -> k(2) }
        }
        assertEquals(42, x)
    }

    @Test
    fun testShiftToString() {
        val x = reset<String> {
            shift<Int> { k -> k(42) }.toString()
        }
        assertEquals("42", x)
    }

    @Test
    fun testShiftWithoutContinuationInvoke() {
        val x = reset<Int> {
            shift<String> {
                42 // does not call continuation, just override result
            }
            0 // this is not called
        }
        assertEquals(42, x)
    }

    // From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delimited_continuation
    // (* 2 (reset (+ 1 (shift k (k 5)))))
    // k := (+ 1 [])
    @Test
    fun testWikiSample() {
        val x = 2 * reset<Int> {
            1 + shift<Int> { k -> k(5) }
        }
        assertEquals(12, x)
    }

    // It must be extension on DelimitedScope<Int> to be able to shift
    private suspend fun DelimitedScope<Int>.shiftFun(x: Int): Int =
        shift<Int> { k -> k(x) } * 2

    @Test
    fun testShiftFromFunction() {
        val x = reset<Int> {
            2 + shiftFun(20)
        }
        assertEquals(42, x)
    }

    @Test
    // Ensure there's no stack overflow because of many "shift" calls
    fun testManyShifts() {
        val res = reset<String> {
            for (x in 0..10000) {
                shift<Int> { k ->
                    k(x)
                }
            }
            "OK"
        }
        assertEquals("OK", res)
    }

    @Test
    // See https://gist.github.com/elizarov/5bbbe5a3b88985ae577d8ec3706e85ef#gistcomment-3304535
    fun testShiftRemainderCalled() {
        val log = ArrayList<String>()
        val x = reset<Int> {
            val y = shift<Int> { k ->
                log += "before 1"
                val r = k(1)
                log += "after 1"
                r
            }
            log += y.toString()
            val z = shift<Int> { k ->
                log += "before 2"
                val r = k(2)
                log += "after 2"
                r
            }
            log += z.toString()
            y + z
        }
        assertEquals(3, x)
        assertEquals(listOf(
            "before 1",
            "1",
            "before 2",
            "2",
            "after 2",
            "after 1"
        ), log)
    }
}

@raulraja I'm curious how the implementation of delimited multi-shot continuation has evolved in Arrow. I traced your PR in arrow-core to a squashed commit in arrow, but I couldn't find the code on main.

@steshaw I believe that code ended up getting removed through the many evolution steps of Arrow. IMO, some of it was "too hacky" which resulted in it getting removed.
A spiritual successor to that code (although it shares almost none of its implementation) is my so-far-successful attempt at building multiprompt delimited continuations in Kotlin. It theoretically has a single-shot core that uses no "magic" (i.e reflection or platform-specific code) but I haven't extracted that yet. It uses a tiny API surface to shallow clone continuations for multishot cases (that surface just being val Continuation<*>.completion: Continuation<*> and fun <T> Continuation<T>.copy(completion: Continuation<*>): Continuation<T>, but the former isn't even quite "necessary" if we change some of the behaviour of the latter, but it's useful performance-wise). It currently works only for JVM and JS because I can't figure out how to shallow-clone on other platforms yet.
You can find some of the original Arrow test code in my repo's tests.
I'm pretty convinced that my implementation is nearly-correct. It passes a lot of non-obvious tests and seems to demonstrate the multiprompt behaviour, and hence any bugs are likely to be squashable easily. The implementation is based on @b-studios 's java-effekt but with some Kotlin-specific nuances, and a bunch of optimizations for single-shot resumptions. In fact, the repo has further examples of adding a thin layer on multiprompt delimited continuations to turn them into "Lexical Effect Handlers", which is the idea that java-effekt presents. Further, the language Effekt evolved directly from that, and pretty much every one of its examples can thus be translated directly to Kotlin (check out the effekt/casestudies tests folder for that)
I'd be glad to hear your feedback if you choose to play around with it :)