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| Aspect | Classic Three-Tier | Spine-Leaf | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Structure | Core → Distribution → Access layers | Two layers: Spine (core) and Leaf (access) switches | |
| Traffic Pattern | Optimized for north-south (client-to-server) | Optimized for east-west (server-to-server) | |
| Latency | Variable; depends on path through tiers | Predictable; any server is the same number of hops away | |
| Scalability | Limited; adding capacity is complex | Horizontal; simply add more spine or leaf switches | |
| Complexity | Simpler for small deployments | Better suited for large-scale data centers | |
| Use Case | Traditional enterprise; campus networks | Modern data centers; cloud environments |
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