Starting in 1.19.4, damage sources have been removed and replaced with a new system called DamageTypes. Damage Types are now a datapack registry, meaning they are no longer hardcoded. There are now also DamageType tags. To fetch DamageTypes, you will need to be able to use RegistryAccess.
There are 2 ways to fetch vanilla DamageTypes: use level.damageSources() or entity.damageSources(). Theres a method for each vanilla type, such as .fall() for fall damage, .mobAttack() for mob attacks, and so on. You can find all the ones you can use in DamageSources. Here's how to call vanilla sources: https://github.com/TeamTwilight/twilightforest/blob/1.19.x/src/main/java/twilightforest/entity/projectile/SlimeProjectile.java#L66
As an example, I will be walking through how to register a DamageType called thrown_block.
First, create a ResourceKey for the damage like so: